Swan Reach (South Australia) – Trihalomethanes

Breaches to Australian Drinking Water Guidelines Levels Only

14/12/2000 Swan Reach Nildottie Rd Trihalomethanes – Total 322 ug/L

11/01/2001 Swan Reach Nildottie Rd Trihalomethanes – Total 441 ug/L

15/02/2001 Swan Reach Nildottie Rd Trihalomethanes – Total 372 ug/L

15/03/2001 Swan Reach Nildottie Rd Trihalomethanes – Total 288 ug/L

12/04/2001 Swan Reach Nildottie Rd Trihalomethanes – Total 294 ug/L

17/05/2001 Swan Reach Nildottie Rd Trihalomethanes – Total 250 ug/L

10/02/2011 Swan Reach Conners Rd Trihalomethanes – Total 341 ug/L

10/03/2011 Swan Reach Conners Rd Trihalomethanes – Total 253 ug/L

Trihalomethanes Australian Guideline Level 250μg/L (0.25mg/L)

Why and how are THMs formed?
“When chlorine is added to water with organic material, such as algae, river weeds, and decaying leaves, THMs are formed. Residual chlorine molecules react with this harmless organic material to form a group of chlorinated chemical compounds, THMs. They are tasteless and odourless, but harmful and potentially toxic. The quantity of by-products formed is determined by several factors, such as the amount and type of organic material present in water, temperature, pH, chlorine dosage, contact time available for chlorine, and bromide concentration in the water. The organic matter in water mainly consists of a) humic substance, which is the organic portion of soil that remains after prolonged microbial decomposition formed by the decay of leaves, wood, and other vegetable matter; and b) fulvic acid, which is a water soluble substance of low molecular weight that is derived from humus”. Source: https://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/in

Swan Reach (South Australia) – Bromodichloromethane

2022/23: Swan Reach (South Australia) Bromodichloromethane 78ug/L (max), 42.65ug/L (av.)

WHO Guideline level BDCM: 60ug/L (Australian Guideline for BDCM is included in the Trihalomethane (THM) combined total of BDCM, Chloroform, Dibromochloromethane and Bromoform. THM guideline is 250ug/L)

“Carcinogenicity : Bromodichloromethane is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in experimental animals.
Cancer Studies in Experimental Animals: Oral exposure to bromodichloromethane caused tumors at several different tissue sites in mice and rats. Administration of bromodichloromethane by stomach tube caused benign and malignant kidney tumors (tubular-cell adenoma and adenocarcinoma) in male mice and in rats of both sexes, benign and
malignant liver tumors (hepatocellular adenoma and carcinoma) in female mice, and benign and malignant colon tumors (adenomatous polyps and adenocarcinoma) in rats of both sexes (NTP 1987, ATSDR 1989, IARC 1991, 1999).

Swan Reach (South Australia) – Antimony

12/11/20: Swan Reach (South Australia) Antimony  0.0027mg/L.

Based on health considerations, the concentration of antimony in drinking water should not
exceed the limit of determination of 0.003 mg/L.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
Antimony, as the trivalent (Sb(III)) or pentavalent (Sb(V)) salts, has occasionally been detected in
natural source waters. Occurrences are more common in areas near lead or copper smelting operations.
Antimony–tin solder is beginning to replace lead solder and hence exposure to antimony in drinking water may increase in the future.
Antimony alloys and compounds are used in semiconductors, batteries, anti-friction compounds, ammunition, cable sheathing, and flame-proofing compounds. Antimony salts are used in glass, and in the manufacture of ceramics and pottery.
Studies overseas have generally found low concentrations in drinking water, typically less than
0.005 mg/L, but higher concentrations have been reported occasionally.
There are few data available on antimony concentrations in food. The United States Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry has suggested that average daily consumption of antimony in food is about 0.018 mg.

2022/23 Swan Reach (South Australia) – Total Haloacetic Acid

17/11/22 Swan Reach (South Australia) – Total Haloacetic Acid 0.124mg/L, (0.119mg/L av. 2022/23)

Australian Guidelines Trichloroacetic Acid 0.100mg/L, Dichloroacetic Acid 0.100mg/L

“Chloroacetic acids are produced in drinking water as by-products of the reaction between chlorine and naturally occurring humic and fulvic acids. Concentrations reported overseas range up to 0.16mg/L and are typically about half the chloroform concentration. The chloroacetic acids are used commercially as reagents or intermediates in the preparation of a wide variety of chemicals. Monochloroacetic acid can be used as a pre-emergent herbicide, dichloroacetic acid as an ingredient in some pharmaceutical products, and trichloroacetic acid as a herbicide, soil sterilant and antiseptic.” Australian Drinking Water Guidelines – National Health and Medical Research Council…