Goolwa (South Australia) – Trihalomethanes
Breaches to Australian Drinking Water Guidelines Levels Only
28/11/2001 Goolwa Cadell St Trihalomethanes – Total 250 ug/L
24/04/2002 Goolwa Cadell St Trihalomethanes – Total 287 ug/L
24/07/2002 Goolwa Cadell St Trihalomethanes – Total 317 ug/L
29/01/2003 Goolwa Cadell St Trihalomethanes – Total 255 ug/L
30/04/2003 Goolwa Cadell St Trihalomethanes – Total 256 ug/L
28/11/2003 Goolwa Cadell St Trihalomethanes – Total 267 ug/L
29/04/2004 Goolwa Cadell St Trihalomethanes – Total 258 ug/L
28/04/2005 Goolwa Cadell St Trihalomethanes – Total 270 ug/L
15/03/2007 Goolwa Cadell St Trihalomethanes – Total 257 ug/L
7/06/2007 Goolwa Cadell St Trihalomethanes – Total 262 ug/L
5/06/2008 Goolwa Cadell St Trihalomethanes – Total 265 ug/L
16/04/2009 Goolwa Cadell St Trihalomethanes – Total 250 ug/L
6/08/2009 Goolwa Cadell St Trihalomethanes – Total 250 ug/L
15/04/2010 Goolwa Cadell St Trihalomethanes – Total 255 ug/L
20/01/2011 Goolwa Cadell St Trihalomethanes – Total 258 ug/L
4/08/2011 Goolwa Cadell St Trihalomethanes – Total 254 ug/L
10/11/2011 Goolwa Cadell St Trihalomethanes – Total 263 ug/L
19/01/2012 Goolwa Cadell St Trihalomethanes – Total 265 ug/L
12/04/2012 Goolwa Cadell St Trihalomethanes – Total 289 ug/L
14/03/2013 Goolwa Cadell St Trihalomethanes – Total 254 ug/L
11/04/2013 Goolwa Cadell St Trihalomethanes – Total 260 ug/L
9/05/2013 Goolwa Cadell St Trihalomethanes – Total 255 ug/L
8/08/2013 Goolwa Cadell St Trihalomethanes – Total 270 ug/L
23/01/2014 Goolwa Cadell St Trihalomethanes – Total 277 ug/L
20/02/2014 Goolwa Cadell St Trihalomethanes – Total 281 ug/L
18/03/2014 Goolwa Cadell St Trihalomethanes – Total 287 ug/L
15/04/2014 Goolwa Cadell St Trihalomethanes – Total 276 ug/L
13/05/2014 Goolwa Cadell St Trihalomethanes – Total 252 ug/L
12/06/2014 Goolwa Cadell St Trihalomethanes – Total 279 ug/L
3/09/2015 Goolwa Cadell St Trihalomethanes – Total 252 ug/L
21/12/2015 Goolwa Cadell St Trihalomethanes – Total 296 ug/L
18/03/2016 Goolwa Cadell St Trihalomethanes – Total 291 ug/L
14/04/2016 Goolwa Cadell St Trihalomethanes – Total 275 ug/L
12/05/2016 Goolwa Cadell St Trihalomethanes – Total 288 ug/L
9/06/2016 Goolwa Cadell St Trihalomethanes – Total 274 ug/L
7/07/2016 Goolwa Cadell St Trihalomethanes – Total 269 ug/L
4/08/2016 Goolwa Cadell St Trihalomethanes – Total 263 ug/L
16/09/2016 Goolwa Cadell St Trihalomethanes – Total 257 ug/L
19/01/2017 Goolwa Cadell St Trihalomethanes – Total 287 ug/L
16/02/2017 Goolwa Cadell St Trihalomethanes – Total 283 ug/L
16/03/2017 Goolwa Cadell St Trihalomethanes – Total 290 ug/L
13/04/2017 Goolwa Cadell St Trihalomethanes – Total 296 ug/L
12/05/2017 Goolwa Cadell St Trihalomethanes – Total 284 ug/L
8/06/2017 Goolwa Cadell St Trihalomethanes – Total 264 ug/L
7-Sep-17 Goolwa Trihalomethanes – Total 265 µg/L
18-Jan-18 Goolwa Trihalomethanes – Total 278 µg/L
15-Feb-18 Goolwa Trihalomethanes – Total 286 µg/L
15-Mar-18 Goolwa Trihalomethanes – Total 284 µg/L
19-Apr-18 Goolwa Trihalomethanes – Total 296 µg/L
17-May-18 Goolwa Trihalomethanes – Total 287 µg/L
14-Jun-18 Goolwa Trihalomethanes – Total 265 µg/L
19/07/2018 Goolwa Trihalomethanes – 266 ug/l
5/11/2018 Goolwa Trihalomethanes – 251ug/l
13/12/2018 Goolwa Trihalomethanes – 258 ug/l
17/01/2019 Goolwa Trihalomethanes – 251 ug/l
14/02/2019 Goolwa Trihalomethanes – 259 ug/l
14/03/2019 Goolwa Trihalomethanes – 256 ug/l
16/05/2019 Goolwa Trihalomethanes – 275 ug/L
2018/19: Goolwa (South Australia) Trihalomethanes 275ug/L (max), 251.9ug/L (av.)
12/12/19: Goolwa (South Australia) Trihalomethanes 256ug/L (max)
13/2/20: Goolwa (South Australia) Trihalomethanes 271ug/L (max)
16/4/20: Goolwa (South Australia) Trihalomethanes 263ug/L (max)
14/5/20: Goolwa (South Australia) Trihalomethanes 262ug/L (max)
2019/20: Goolwa (South Australia) Trihalomethanes 241.9ug/L (av.)
9/7/20: Goolwa (South Australia) 9/7/20 Trihalomethanes 260ug/L
11/2/21: Goolwa (South Australia) 11/2/21 Trihalomethanes 250ug/L
11/3/21: Goolwa (South Australia) 11/3/21 Trihalomethanes 261ug/L
15/4/21: Goolwa (South Australia) 15/4/21 Trihalomethanes 273ug/L
13/5/21: Goolwa (South Australia) 13/5/21 Trihalomethanes 280ug/L
10/6/21: Goolwa (South Australia) 10/6/21 Trihalomethanes 283ug/L
12/11/21: Goolwa (South Australia) Trihalomethanes 273ug/L (max) 176.3ug/L (av. 2021/22)
Trihalomethanes Australian Guideline Level 250μg/L (0.25mg/L)
Why and how are THMs formed?
“When chlorine is added to water with organic material, such as algae, river weeds, and decaying leaves, THMs are formed. Residual chlorine molecules react with this harmless organic material to form a group of chlorinated chemical compounds, THMs. They are tasteless and odourless, but harmful and potentially toxic. The quantity of by-products formed is determined by several factors, such as the amount and type of organic material present in water, temperature, pH, chlorine dosage, contact time available for chlorine, and bromide concentration in the water. The organic matter in water mainly consists of a) humic substance, which is the organic portion of soil that remains after prolonged microbial decomposition formed by the decay of leaves, wood, and other vegetable matter; and b) fulvic acid, which is a water soluble substance of low molecular weight that is derived from humus”. Source: https://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/index.cfm
Goolwa (South Australia) – Bromodichloromethane
2018/19: Goolwa (South Australia) Bromodichloromethane 92ug/L (max) (2018/19 av. 85.9ug/L)
13/2/20 Goolwa (South Australia) Bromodichloromethane 94ug/L (max). (2019/20 av. 82.7ug/L)
9/7/20: Goolwa (South Australia) Bromodichloromethane 93ug/L
13/8/20: Goolwa (South Australia) Bromodichloromethane 83ug/L
10/9/20: Goolwa (South Australia) Bromodichloromethane 78ug/L
15/10/20: Goolwa (South Australia) Bromodichloromethane 86ug/L
12/11/20: Goolwa (South Australia) Bromodichloromethane 81ug/L
10/12/20: Goolwa (South Australia) Bromodichloromethane 83ug/L
14/1/21: Goolwa (South Australia) Bromodichloromethane 87ug/L
11/2/21: Goolwa (South Australia) Bromodichloromethane 89ug/L
11/3/21: Goolwa (South Australia) Bromodichloromethane 91ug/L
15/4/21: Goolwa (South Australia) Bromodichloromethane 94ug/L
15/4/21: Goolwa (South Australia) Bromodichloromethane 101ug/L
10/6/21: Goolwa (South Australia) Bromodichloromethane 99ug/L
14/10/21: Goolwa (South Australia) Bromodichloromethane 94ug/L (max), 58.42ug/L (av. 2021/22)
WHO Guideline level BDCM: 60ug/L (Australian Guideline for BDCM is included in the combined total of BDCM, Chloroform, Dibromochloromethane and Bromoform. THM guideline is 250ug/L)
“Carcinogenicity : Bromodichloromethane is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in experimental animals.
Cancer Studies in Experimental Animals: Oral exposure to bromodichloromethane caused tumors at several different tissue sites in mice and rats. Administration of bromodichloromethane by stomach tube caused benign and malignant kidney tumors (tubular-cell adenoma and adenocarcinoma) in male mice and in rats of both sexes, benign and
malignant liver tumors (hepatocellular adenoma and carcinoma) in female mice, and benign and malignant colon tumors (adenomatous polyps and adenocarcinoma) in rats of both sexes (NTP 1987, ATSDR 1989, IARC 1991, 1999).
Since bromodichloromethane was listed in the Sixth Annual Report on Carcinogens, additional studies in rats have been identified. Administration of bromodichloromethane in the drinking water increased the combined incidence of benign and malignant liver tumors (hepatocellular adenoma or carcinoma) in males (George et al. 2002) and caused benign liver tumors (hepatocellular adenoma) in females (Tumasonis et al. 1987).
Cancer Studies in Humans
The data available from epidemiological studies are inadequate to evaluate the relationship between human cancer and exposure specifically to bromodichloromethane. Several epidemiological studies indicated a possible association between ingestion of chlorinated drinking water (which typically contains bromodichloromethane) and increased risk of
cancer in humans, but these studies could not provide information on whether any observed effects were due to bromodichloromethane or to one or more of the hundreds of other disinfection by-products also present in chlorinated water (ATSDR 1989).” (1)
2018/19: Goolwa (South Australia) Turbidity
2018/19: Goolwa (Caddell Street) – Turbidity 8.6NTU (max), 1.01NTU (av. 2018/2019)
11/7/19: Goolwa (South Australia) Turbidity 6 NTU (max). 2019/20 av: 0.57NTU
Chlorine-resistant pathogen reduction: Where filtration alone is used as the water treatment
process to address identified risks from Cryptosporidium and Giardia, it is essential
that filtration is optimised and consequently the target for the turbidity of water leaving
individual filters should be less than 0.2 NTU, and should not exceed 0.5 NTU at any time
Disinfection: A turbidity of less than 1 NTU is desirable at the time of disinfection with
chlorine unless a higher value can be validated in a specific context.
Aesthetic: Based on aesthetic considerations, the turbidity should not exceed 5 NTU at the
consumer’s tap
Goolwa (South Australia) – Chloral Hydrate
13/9/00 Goolwa Chloral Hydrate 42.5ug/L
27/8/09 Goolwa Chloral Hydrate 20.3ug/L
21/1/10 Goolwa Chloral Hydrate 20.8ug/L
5/8/10 Goolwa Chloral Hydrate 21.4ug/L
28/10/10 Goolwa Chloral Hydrate 21.7ug/L
4/8/11 Goolwa Chloral Hydrate 22.1ug/L
27/10/11 Goolwa Chloral Hydrate 25.8ug/L
Chloral hydrate is a disinfection by-product, arising from chlorination of water containing naturally occurring organic material (NOM). Chloral hydrate is a sedative and hypnotic drug. Long-term use of chloral hydrate is associated with a rapid development of tolerance to its effects and possible addiction as well as adverse effects including rashes, gastric
discomfort and severe renal, cardiac and hepatic failure.
2004 Australian Drinking Water Guideline: Trichloroacetaldehyde (chloral hydrate): 0.02mg/L
2011 Australian Drinking Water Guideline: Trichloroacetaldehyde (chloral hydrate): 0.1mg/L
2022/23: Goolwa (South Australia) – pH (alkaline)
2022/23: Goolwa Loveday Street (South Australia) pH 8.72 (av.)
2022/23: Goolwa Castle Av. (South Australia) pH 8.72 (av.)
Based on the need to reduce corrosion and encrustation in pipes and fittings, the pH of
drinking water should be between 6.5 and 8.5.
New concrete tanks and cement-mortar lined pipes can significantly increase pH and
a value up to 9.2 may be tolerated, provided monitoring indicates no deterioration in
microbiological quality.
pH is a measure of the hydrogen ion concentration of water. It is measured on a logarithmic scale from 0 to 14. A pH of 7 is neutral, greater than 7 is alkaline, and less than 7 is acidic.
One of the major objectives in controlling pH is to minimise corrosion and encrustation in pipes and fittings. Corrosion can be reduced by the formation of a protective layer of calcium carbonate on the inside of the pipe or fitting, and the formation of this layer is affected by pH, temperature, the availability of calcium (hardness) and carbon dioxide. If the water is too alkaline (above pH 8.5), the rapid deposition and build-up of calcium carbonate that can result may eventually block the pipe.