Victor Harbor (South Australia) – Trihalomethanes
Breaches to Australian Drinking Water Guidelines Levels Only
19/03/2003 Victor Harbor Riverview Rd Trihalomethanes – Total 256 ug/L
11/06/2003 Victor Harbor Riverview Rd Trihalomethanes – Total 260 ug/L
11/03/2004 Victor Harbor Riverview Rd Trihalomethanes – Total 250 ug/L
6/04/2006 Victor Harbor Riverview Rd Trihalomethanes – Total 254 ug/L
15/03/2007 Victor Harbor Riverview Rd Trihalomethanes – Total 268 ug/L
7/06/2007 Victor Harbor Riverview Rd Trihalomethanes – Total 316 ug/L
13/03/2008 Victor Harbor Riverview Rd Trihalomethanes – Total 252 ug/L
5/06/2008 Victor Harbor Riverview Rd Trihalomethanes – Total 255 ug/L
12/03/2009 Victor Harbor Riverview Rd Trihalomethanes – Total 258 ug/L
14/01/2010 Victor Harbor Riverview Rd Trihalomethanes – Total 267 ug/L
8/04/2010 Victor Harbor Riverview Rd Trihalomethanes – Total 258 ug/L
23/09/2010 Victor Harbor Riverview Rd Trihalomethanes – Total 253 ug/L
16/12/2010 Victor Harbor Riverview Rd Trihalomethanes – Total 259 ug/L
10/02/2011 Victor Harbor Riverview Rd Trihalomethanes – Total 256 ug/L
10/03/2011 Victor Harbor Riverview Rd Trihalomethanes – Total 340 ug/L
7/04/2011 Victor Harbor Riverview Rd Trihalomethanes – Total 263 ug/L
5/05/2011 Victor Harbor Riverview Rd Trihalomethanes – Total 299 ug/L
12/01/2012 Victor Harbor Riverview Rd Trihalomethanes – Total 308 ug/L
9/02/2012 Victor Harbor Riverview Rd Trihalomethanes – Total 261 ug/L
8/03/2012 Victor Harbor Riverview Rd Trihalomethanes – Total 303 ug/L
5/04/2012 Victor Harbor Riverview Rd Trihalomethanes – Total 296 ug/L
3/05/2012 Victor Harbor Riverview Rd Trihalomethanes – Total 304 ug/L
8/08/2013 Victor Harbor Riverview Rd Trihalomethanes – Total 269 ug/L
23/01/2014 Victor Harbor Riverview Rd Trihalomethanes – Total 268 ug/L
20/02/2014 Victor Harbor Riverview Rd Trihalomethanes – Total 276 ug/L
18/03/2014 Victor Harbor Riverview Rd Trihalomethanes – Total 281 ug/L
15/04/2014 Victor Harbor Riverview Rd Trihalomethanes – Total 281 ug/L
12/06/2014 Victor Harbor Riverview Rd Trihalomethanes – Total 262 ug/L
3/09/2015 Victor Harbor Riverview Rd Trihalomethanes – Total 253 ug/L
21/12/2015 Victor Harbor Riverview Rd Trihalomethanes – Total 264 ug/L
18/02/2016 Victor Harbor Riverview Rd Trihalomethanes – Total 254 ug/L
18/03/2016 Victor Harbor Riverview Rd Trihalomethanes – Total 287 ug/L
14/04/2016 Victor Harbor Riverview Rd Trihalomethanes – Total 261 ug/L
12/05/2016 Victor Harbor Riverview Rd Trihalomethanes – Total 283 ug/L
9/06/2016 Victor Harbor Riverview Rd Trihalomethanes – Total 269 ug/L
7/07/2016 Victor Harbor Riverview Rd Trihalomethanes – Total 269 ug/L
24/11/2016 Victor Harbor Riverview Rd Trihalomethanes – Total 261 ug/L
19/01/2017 Victor Harbor Riverview Rd Trihalomethanes – Total 289 ug/L
16/02/2017 Victor Harbor Riverview Rd Trihalomethanes – Total 293 ug/L
16/03/2017 Victor Harbor Riverview Rd Trihalomethanes – Total 275 ug/L
13/04/2017 Victor Harbor Riverview Rd Trihalomethanes – Total 287 ug/L
12/05/2017 Victor Harbor Riverview Rd Trihalomethanes – Total 282 ug/L
8/06/2017 Victor Harbor Riverview Rd Trihalomethanes – Total 257 ug/L
7-Sep-17 Victor Harbor Trihalomethanes – Total 266 µg/L
12-Oct-17 Victor Harbor Trihalomethanes – Total 252 µg/L
18-Jan-18 Victor Harbor Trihalomethanes – Total 256 µg/L
15-Feb-18 Victor Harbor Trihalomethanes – Total 280 µg/L
15-Mar-18 Victor Harbor Trihalomethanes – Total 265 µg/L
19-Apr-18 Victor Harbor Trihalomethanes – Total 303 µg/L
17-May-18 Victor HarborTrihalomethanes – Total 273 µg/L
14-Jun-18 Victor Harbor Trihalomethanes – Total 257 µg/L
12/07/2018 Victor Harbour Trihalomethanes – Total 255 ug/l
18/10/2018 Victor Harbour Trihalomethanes – Total 253 ug/l
15/11/2018 Victor Harbour Trihalomethanes – Total 257 ug/l
13/12/2018 Victor Harbour Trihalomethanes – Total 281 ug/l
14/02/2019 Victor Harbour Trihalomethanes – Total 267 ug/l
14/03/2019 Victor Harbour Trihalomethanes – Total 253 ug/l
18/04/2018 Victor Harbour Trihalomethanes – Total 270 ug/l
16/05/2019 Victor Harbour Trihalomethanes – Total 260 ug/l
2018/19: Victor Harbour (South Australia) Trihalomethanes 281ug/L (max), 255.3ug/L (av.)
16/1/20: Victor Harbor Trihalomethanes 258ug/L (max)
13/2/20: Victor Harbor Trihalomethanes 270ug/L (max)
16/4/20: Victor Harbor Trihalomethanes 265ug/L (max)
14/5/20: Victor Harbor Trihalomethanes 263ug/L (max)
2019/20: Victor Harbor Trihalomethanes 237.4ug/L (av.)
9/7/20: Victor Harbor Trihalomethanes 249ug/L
11/2/21: Victor Harbor Trihalomethanes 248ug/L
11/3/21: Victor Harbor Trihalomethanes 246ug/L
15/4/21: Victor Harbor Trihalomethanes 253ug/L
13/5/21: Victor Harbor Trihalomethanes 268ug/L
10/6/21: Victor Harbor Trihalomethanes 259ug/L
9/9/21: Victor Harbor Trihalomethanes 270ug/L (max) 175.5ug/L (av. 2021/22)
Trihalomethanes Australian Guideline Level 250μg/L (0.25mg/L)
Why and how are THMs formed?
“When chlorine is added to water with organic material, such as algae, river weeds, and decaying leaves, THMs are formed. Residual chlorine molecules react with this harmless organic material to form a group of chlorinated chemical compounds, THMs. They are tasteless and odourless, but harmful and potentially toxic. The quantity of by-products formed is determined by several factors, such as the amount and type of organic material present in water, temperature, pH, chlorine dosage, contact time available for chlorine, and bromide concentration in the water. The organic matter in water mainly consists of a) humic substance, which is the organic portion of soil that remains after prolonged microbial decomposition formed by the decay of leaves, wood, and other vegetable matter; and b) fulvic acid, which is a water soluble substance of low molecular weight that is derived from humus”. Source: https://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/in
Victor Harbor (South Australia) – Bromodichloromethane
2018/19: Victor Harbour (South Australia) Bromodichloromethane 98ug/L (max), 87.2ug/L (av.)
13/2/20 Victor Harbor (South Australia) Bromodichloromethane 94ug/L. (2019/20 av. 81.9ug/L)
9/7/20: Victor Harbor (South Australia) Bromodichloromethane 89ug/L
13/8/20: Victor Harbor (South Australia) Bromodichloromethane 85ug/L
10/9/20: Victor Harbor (South Australia) Bromodichloromethane 74ug/L
15/10/20: Victor Harbor (South Australia) Bromodichloromethane 85ug/L
12/11/20: Victor Harbor (South Australia) Bromodichloromethane 78ug/L
10/12/20: Victor Harbor (South Australia) Bromodichloromethane 87ug/L
14/1/21: Victor Harbor (South Australia) Bromodichloromethane 83ug/L
11/2/21: Victor Harbor (South Australia) Bromodichloromethane 88ug/L
11/3/21: Victor Harbor (South Australia) Bromodichloromethane 85ug/L
15/4/21: Victor Harbor (South Australia) Bromodichloromethane 88ug/L
15/4/21: Victor Harbor (South Australia) Bromodichloromethane 98ug/L
10/6/21: Victor Harbor (South Australia) Bromodichloromethane 90ug/L
9/9/21: Victor Harbour (South Australia) Bromodichloromethane 93ug/L (max), 58.16ug/L (av. 2021/22)
WHO Guideline level BDCM: 60ug/L (Australian Guideline for BDCM is included in the combined total of BDCM, Chloroform, Dibromochloromethane and Bromoform. THM guideline is 250ug/L)
“Carcinogenicity : Bromodichloromethane is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in experimental animals.
Cancer Studies in Experimental Animals: Oral exposure to bromodichloromethane caused tumors at several different tissue sites in mice and rats. Administration of bromodichloromethane by stomach tube caused benign and malignant kidney tumors (tubular-cell adenoma and adenocarcinoma) in male mice and in rats of both sexes, benign and
malignant liver tumors (hepatocellular adenoma and carcinoma) in female mice, and benign and malignant colon tumors (adenomatous polyps and adenocarcinoma) in rats of both sexes (NTP 1987, ATSDR 1989, IARC 1991, 1999).
Since bromodichloromethane was listed in the Sixth Annual Report on Carcinogens, additional studies in rats have been identified. Administration of bromodichloromethane in the drinking water increased the combined incidence of benign and malignant liver tumors (hepatocellular adenoma or carcinoma) in males (George et al. 2002) and caused benign liver tumors (hepatocellular adenoma) in females (Tumasonis et al. 1987).
Cancer Studies in Humans
The data available from epidemiological studies are inadequate to evaluate the relationship between human cancer and exposure specifically to bromodichloromethane. Several epidemiological studies indicated a possible association between ingestion of chlorinated drinking water (which typically contains bromodichloromethane) and increased risk of
cancer in humans, but these studies could not provide information on whether any observed effects were due to bromodichloromethane or to one or more of the hundreds of other disinfection by-products also present in chlorinated water (ATSDR 1989).” (1)
Victor Harbor (South Australia) – Total Haloacetic Acids
12/9/19: Victor Harbor Total Haloacetic Acid 100ug/L
10/9/20: Victor Harbor Total Haloacetic Acid (HAA9) 102ug/L
9/9/21: Victor Harbor Total Haloacetic Acid (HAA 9) 160ug/L (max) 125ug/L (av. 2021/22)
9/9/21: Victor Harbor Bromodichloroacetic Acid 62 ug/L (max)
Australian Guidelines Trichloroacetic Acid 0.100mg/L, Dichloroacetic Acid 0.100mg/L
“Chloroacetic acids are produced in drinking water as by-products of the reaction between chlorine and naturally occurring humic and fulvic acids. Concentrations reported overseas range up to 0.16mg/L and are typically about half the chloroform concentration. The chloroacetic acids are used commercially as reagents or intermediates in the preparation of a wide variety of chemicals. Monochloroacetic acid can be used as a pre-emergent herbicide, dichloroacetic acid as an ingredient in some pharmaceutical products, and trichloroacetic acid as a herbicide, soil sterilant and antiseptic.” Australian Drinking Water Guidelines – National Health and Medical Research Council…
Victor Harbor (South Australia) – Chloral Hydrate
11/9/02 Victor Harbor Chloral Hydrate 22ug/L
10/9/03 Victor Harbor Chloral Hydrate 22ug/L
16/9/04 Victor Harbor Chloral Hydrate 22ug/L
17/3/05 Victor Harbor Chloral Hydrate 22ug/L
15/9/05 Victor Harbor Chloral Hydrate 22ug/L
25/9/06 Victor Harbor Chloral Hydrate 20.4ug/L
22/10/09 Victor Harbor Chloral Hydrate 20.1ug/L
29/7/10 Victor Harbor Chloral Hydrate 21.1ug/L
19/10/10 Victor Harbor Chloral Hydrate 24.2ug/L
2/6/11 Victor Harbor Chloral Hydrate 20.6ug/L
20/10/11 Victor Harbor Chloral Hydrate 24.2ug/L
Chloral hydrate is a disinfection by-product, arising from chlorination of water containing naturally occurring organic material (NOM). Chloral hydrate is a sedative and hypnotic drug. Long-term use of chloral hydrate is associated with a rapid development of tolerance to its effects and possible addiction as well as adverse effects including rashes, gastric
discomfort and severe renal, cardiac and hepatic failure.
Victor Harbor (South Australia) – Haloacetonitriles (Bromochloroacetonitrile)
9/9/21: Victor Harbor (South Australia) – Bromochloroacetonitrile 14ug/L (max)
“GUIDELINE
Data are inadequate to set guideline values for haloacetonitriles in drinking water
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
Haloacetonitriles are formed from organic precursors during chlorination or chloramination of drinking water. Concentrations of dihaloacetonitriles reported overseas range up to 0.04 mg/L but are typically less than 0.003 mg/L. Concentrations of trichloroacetonitrile are less than 0.001 mg/L.
Trichloroacetonitrile has been used as an insecticide. No data are available on uses for the other haloacetonitriles.
TYPICAL VALUES IN AUSTRALIAN DRINKING WATER
No data are available on concentrations of haloacetonitriles in Australian drinking waters”. ADWG 2011
2022/23: Victor Harbor (South Australia) – pH (alkaline)
2022/23: Victor Harbor – Riverview Road (South Australia) pH 8.62 (av.)
2022/23: Victor Harbor – Bay Road (South Australia) pH 8.65 (av.)
Based on the need to reduce corrosion and encrustation in pipes and fittings, the pH of
drinking water should be between 6.5 and 8.5.
New concrete tanks and cement-mortar lined pipes can significantly increase pH and
a value up to 9.2 may be tolerated, provided monitoring indicates no deterioration in
microbiological quality.
pH is a measure of the hydrogen ion concentration of water. It is measured on a logarithmic scale from 0 to 14. A pH of 7 is neutral, greater than 7 is alkaline, and less than 7 is acidic.
One of the major objectives in controlling pH is to minimise corrosion and encrustation in pipes and fittings. Corrosion can be reduced by the formation of a protective layer of calcium carbonate on the inside of the pipe or fitting, and the formation of this layer is affected by pH, temperature, the availability of calcium (hardness) and carbon dioxide. If the water is too alkaline (above pH 8.5), the rapid deposition and build-up of calcium carbonate that can result may eventually block the pipe.