2007/23 – Jurien Bay (Western Australia) – Hardness, Total Dissolved Solids, Chloride, Sodium

Jurien Bay – Western Australia – Hardness

2007/08: Jurien Bay (Western Australia) – Hardness 337mg/L (Highest Detection Only)

2008/09: Jurien Bay (Western Australia) – Hardness 310mg/L (max), 303mg/L (mean)

2009/10: Jurien Bay (Western Australia) – Hardness 320mg/L (max)

2010/11 Jurien Bay (Western Australia) Hardness 370mg/L (max), 324mg/L (mean)

2011/12 Jurien Bay (Western Australia) Hardness 350mg/L (max), 313mg/L (mean)

2013/14 Jurien Bay (Western Australia) Hardness 360mg/L (max), 318mg/L (mean)

2014/15 Jurien Bay (Western Australia) Hardness 380mg/L (max), 313mg/L (mean)

2015/16 Jurien Bay (Western Australia) Hardness 400mg/L (max), 325mg/L (mean)

2016/17 Jurien Bay (Western Australia) Hardness 330mg/L (max), 315mg/L (mean)

2017/18 Jurien Bay (Western Australia) Hardness 430mg/L (max), 344mg/L (mean)

2018/19: Jurien Bay (Western Australia) Hardness 340mg/L (max), 330mg/L (mean)

2019/20: Jurien Bay (Western Australia) Hardness 420mg/L (max), 340mg/L (mean)

2022/23: Jurien Bay (Western Australia) Hardness 350mg/L (max), 290mg/L (mean)

GUIDELINE

“To minimise undesirable build‑up of scale in hot water systems, total hardness (as calcium
carbonate) in drinking water should not exceed 200 mg/L.

Hard water requires more soap than soft water to obtain a lather. It can also cause scale to form on hot water pipes and fittings. Hardness is caused primarily by the presence of calcium and magnesium ions, although other cations such as strontium, iron, manganese and barium can also contribute.”

Australian Drinking Water Guidelines 2011

Jurien Bay – Western Australia – Total Dissolved Solids

2008/09: Jurien Bay (Western Australia) – Total Dissolved Solids 877mg/L (max), 809mg/L (mean)

2009/10: Jurien Bay (Western Australia) – Total Dissolved Solids 829mg/L (max)

2010/11 Jurien Bay (Western Australia) Total Dissolved Solids 1082mg/L (max), 895mg/L (mean)

2011/12 Jurien Bay (Western Australia) Total Dissolved Solids 1057mg/L (max), 869mg/L (mean)

2013/14 Jurien Bay (Western Australia) Total Dissolved Solids 1149mg/L (max), 897mg/L (mean)

2014/15 Jurien Bay (Western Australia) Total Dissolved Solids 1105mg/L (max), 890mg/L (mean)

2015/16 Jurien Bay (Western Australia) Total Dissolved Solids 1272mg/L (max), 932mg/L (mean)

2016/17 Jurien Bay (Western Australia) Total Dissolved Solids 908mg/L (max), 859mg/L (mean)

2017/18 Jurien Bay (Western Australia) Total Dissolved Solids 1396mg/L (max), 997mg/L (mean)

2018/19: Jurien Bay (Western Australia) Total Dissolved Solids 965mg/L (max), 870mg/L (mean)

2019/20: Jurien Bay (Western Australia) Total Dissolved Solids 1400mg/L (max), 1000mg/L (mean)

2022/23: Jurien Bay (Western Australia) Total Dissolved Solids 1067mg/L (max), 832mg/L (mean)

GUIDELINE

“No specific health guideline value is provided for total dissolved solids (TDS), as there are no
health effects directly attributable to TDS. However for good palatability total dissolved solids
in drinking water should not exceed 600 mg/L.

Total dissolved solids (TDS) consist of inorganic salts and small amounts of organic matter that are dissolved in water. Clay particles, colloidal iron and manganese oxides and silica, fine enough to pass through a 0.45 micron filter membrane can also contribute to total dissolved solids.

Total dissolved solids comprise: sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, sulfate, bicarbonate, carbonate, silica, organic matter, fluoride, iron, manganese, nitrate, nitrite and phosphates…” Australian Drinking Water Guidelines 2011

Jurien Bay (Western Australia) – Chloride

2013/14 Jurien Bay (Western Australia) Chloride 455mg/L (max), 279mg/L (av)

2015/16 Jurien Bay (Western Australia) Chloride 495mg/L (max), 300mg/L (mean)

2016/17 Jurien Bay (Western Australia) Chloride 290mg/L (max), 254mg/L (mean)

2017/18 Jurien Bay (Western Australia) Chloride 560mg/L (max), 322mg/L (mean)

2018/19: Jurien Bay (Western Australia) Chloride 290mg/L (max), 239mg/L (mean)

2019/20: Jurien Bay (Western Australia) Chloride 565mg/L (max), 326mg/L (mean)

2022/23: Jurien Bay (Western Australia) Chloride 360mg/L (max), 259mg/L (mean)

“Chloride is present in natural waters from the dissolution of salt deposits, and contamination from effluent disposal. Sodium chloride is widely used in the production of industrial chemicals such as caustic soda, chlorine, and sodium chlorite and hypochlorite. Potassium chloride is used in the production of fertilisers.

The taste threshold of chloride in water is dependent on the associated cation but is in the range 200–300 mg/L. The chloride content of water can affect corrosion of pipes and fittings. It can also affect the solubility of metal ions.

In surface water, the concentration of chloride is usually less than 100 mg/L and frequently below 10 mg/L. Groundwater can have higher concentrations, particularly if there is salt water intrusion.

Based on aesthetic considerations, the chloride concentration in drinking water should not exceed 250 mg/L.

No health-based guideline value is proposed for chloride.” 2011 Australian Drinking Water Guidelines

Jurien Bay (Western Australia) – Sodium

2013/14 Jurien Bay (Western Australia) Sodium  215mg/L (max), 149mg/L (mean)

2014/15 Jurien Bay (Western Australia) Sodium 220mg/L (max), 147mg/L (mean)

2015/16 Jurien Bay (Western Australia) Sodium 260mg/L (max), 159mg/L (mean)

2017/18 Jurien Bay (Western Australia) Sodium 295mg/L (max), 180mg/L (mean)

2019/20: Jurien Bay (Western Australia) Sodium 295mg/L (max), 175mg/L (mean)

“Based on aesthetic considerations (taste), the concentration of sodium in drinking water
should not exceed 180 mg/L….The sodium ion is widespread in water due to the high solubility of sodium salts and the abundance of mineral deposits. Near coastal areas, windborne sea spray can make an important contribution either by fallout onto land surfaces where it can drain to drinking water sources, or from washout by rain. Apart from saline intrusion and natural contamination, water treatment chemicals, domestic water softeners and
sewage effluent can contribute to the sodium content of drinking water.” ADWG 2011