Hindmarsh Island (South Australia) Trihalomethanes
Breaches to Australian Drinking Water Guidelines Levels Only
12/02/2009 Hindmarsh Island Wentworth Pde Trihalomethanes – Total 290 ug/L
7/06/2007 Hindmarsh Valley Nettle Hill Rd Trihalomethanes – Total 273 ug/L
4/06/2009 Hindmarsh Island Wentworth Pde Trihalomethanes – Total 316 ug/L
22/10/2009 Hindmarsh Island Wentworth Pde Trihalomethanes – Total 250 ug/L
17/12/2009 Hindmarsh Island Wentworth Pde Trihalomethanes – Total 269 ug/L
14/01/2010 Hindmarsh Island Wentworth Pde Trihalomethanes – Total 294 ug/L
11/02/2010 Hindmarsh Island Wentworth Pde Trihalomethanes – Total 279 ug/L
11/03/2010 Hindmarsh Island Wentworth Pde Trihalomethanes – Total 283 ug/L
8/04/2010 Hindmarsh Island Wentworth Pde Trihalomethanes – Total 311 ug/L
6/05/2010 Hindmarsh Island Wentworth Pde Trihalomethanes – Total 266 ug/L
3/06/2010 Hindmarsh Island Wentworth Pde Trihalomethanes – Total 263 ug/L
29/07/2010 Hindmarsh Island Wentworth Pde Trihalomethanes – Total 250 ug/L
24/09/2010 Hindmarsh Island Wentworth Pde Trihalomethanes – Total 263 ug/L
19/10/2010 Hindmarsh Island Wentworth Pde Trihalomethanes – Total 257 ug/L
18/11/2010 Hindmarsh Island Wentworth Pde Trihalomethanes – Total 254 ug/L
16/12/2010 Hindmarsh Island Wentworth Pde Trihalomethanes – Total 299 ug/L
13/01/2011 Hindmarsh Island Wentworth Pde Trihalomethanes – Total 284 ug/L
10/02/2011 Hindmarsh Island Wentworth Pde Trihalomethanes – Total 285 ug/L
10/03/2011 Hindmarsh Island Wentworth Pde Trihalomethanes – Total 353 ug/L
5/05/2011 Hindmarsh Island Wentworth Pde Trihalomethanes – Total 322 ug/L
2/06/2011 Hindmarsh Island Wentworth Pde Trihalomethanes – Total 288 ug/L
25/08/2011 Hindmarsh Island Wentworth Pde Trihalomethanes – Total 250 ug/L
12/01/2012 Hindmarsh Island Wentworth Pde Trihalomethanes – Total 307 ug/L
9/02/2012 Hindmarsh Island Wentworth Pde Trihalomethanes – Total 281 ug/L
8/03/2012 Hindmarsh Island Wentworth Pde Trihalomethanes – Total 281 ug/L
5/04/2012 Hindmarsh Island Wentworth Pde Trihalomethanes – Total 264 ug/L
3/05/2012 Hindmarsh Island Wentworth Pde Trihalomethanes – Total 285 ug/L
23/01/2014 Hindmarsh Island Wentworth Pde Trihalomethanes – Total 260 ug/L
20/02/2014 Hindmarsh Island Wentworth Pde Trihalomethanes – Total 278 ug/L
18/03/2014 Hindmarsh Island Wentworth Pde Trihalomethanes – Total 264 ug/L
21/12/2015 Hindmarsh Island Wentworth Pde Trihalomethanes – Total 267 ug/L
18/03/2016 Hindmarsh Island Wentworth Pde Trihalomethanes – Total 261 ug/L
24/11/2016 Hindmarsh Island Wentworth Pde Trihalomethanes – Total 256 ug/L
19/1/2017 Hindmarsh Island Wentworth Pde Trihalomethanes – Total 279 ug/L
23/2/2017 Hindmarsh Island Wentworth Pde Trihalomethanes – Total 274 ug/L
16/3/2017 Hindmarsh Island Wentworth Pde Trihalomethanes – Total 291 ug/L
13/4/2017 Hindmarsh Island Wentworth Pde Trihalomethanes – Total 321 ug/L
12/5/2017 Hindmarsh Island Wentworth Pde Trihalomethanes – Total 285 ug/L
8/6/2017 Hindmarsh Island Wentworth Pde Trihalomethanes – Total 275 ug/L
6-Jul-17 Hindmarsh Island Trihalomethanes – Total 263 µg/L
10-Aug-17 Hindmarsh Island Trihalomethanes – Total 253 µg/L
7-Sep-17 Hindmarsh Island Trihalomethanes – Total 286 µg/L
12-Oct-17 Hindmarsh Island Trihalomethanes – Total 265 µg/L
14-Dec-17 Hindmarsh Island Trihalomethanes – Total 254 µg/L
18-Jan-18 Hindmarsh Island Trihalomethanes – Total 277 µg/L
15-Feb-18 Hindmarsh Island Trihalomethanes – Total 265 µg/L
15-Mar-18 Hindmarsh Island Trihalomethanes – Total 266 µg/L
19-Apr-18 Hindmarsh Island Trihalomethanes – Total 305 µg/L
17-May-18 Hindmarsh Island Trihalomethanes – Total 274 µg/L
14-Jun-18 Hindmarsh Island Trihalomethanes – Total 273 µg/L
19/07/2018 Hindmarsh Island Trihalomethanes – 273 ug/l
16/08/2018 Hindmarsh Island Trihalomethanes – 263 ug/l
18/10/2018 Hindmarsh Island Trihalomethanes – 256 ug/l
22/11/2018 Hindmarsh Island Trihalomethanes – 296 ug/l
20/12/2018 Hindmarsh Island Trihalomethanes – 284 ug/l
17/01/2019 Hindmarsh Island Trihalomethanes – 266 ug/l
14/02/2019 Hindmarsh Island Trihalomethanes – 252 ug/l
14/03/2019 Hindmarsh Island Trihalomethanes – 267 ug/l
11/04/2019Hindmarsh Island Trihalomethanes – 296 ug/l
16/05/2019 Hindmarsh Island Trihalomethanes – 279 ug/l
13/06/2019 Hindmarsh Island Trihalomethanes – 261 ug/l
2018/19: Hindmarsh Island (South Australia) Trihalomethanes 296ug/L (max), 269.1ug/L (av).
14/11/19: Hindmarsh Island Trihalomethanes 252ug/L (max)
19/12/19: Hindmarsh Island Trihalomethanes 250ug/L (max)
16/1/20: Hindmarsh Island Trihalomethanes 272ug/L (max)
13/2/20: Hindmarsh Island Trihalomethanes 273ug/L (max)
12/3/20: Hindmarsh Island Trihalomethanes 250ug/L (max)
16/4/20: Hindmarsh Island Trihalomethanes 266ug/L (max)
14/5/20: Hindmarsh Island Trihalomethanes 252ug/L (max)
2019/20: Hindmarsh Island Trihalomethanes 250.5ug/L (av.)
9/7/20: Hindmarsh Island Trihalomethanes 248ug/L
14/1/21: Hindmarsh Island Trihalomethanes 262ug/L
11/2/21: Hindmarsh Island Trihalomethanes 252ug/L
11/3/21: Hindmarsh Island Trihalomethanes 260ug/L
15/4/21: Hindmarsh Island Trihalomethanes 268ug/L
13/5/21: Hindmarsh Island Trihalomethanes 265ug/L
10/6/21: Hindmarsh Island Trihalomethanes 275ug/L
9/9/21: Hindmarsh Island Trihalomethanes 280ug/L (max) 183.7ug/L (av. 2020/21)
Trihalomethanes Australian Guideline Level 250μg/L (0.25mg/L)
Why and how are THMs formed?
“When chlorine is added to water with organic material, such as algae, river weeds, and decaying leaves, THMs are formed. Residual chlorine molecules react with this harmless organic material to form a group of chlorinated chemical compounds, THMs. They are tasteless and odourless, but harmful and potentially toxic. The quantity of by-products formed is determined by several factors, such as the amount and type of organic material present in water, temperature, pH, chlorine dosage, contact time available for chlorine, and bromide concentration in the water. The organic matter in water mainly consists of a) humic substance, which is the organic portion of soil that remains after prolonged microbial decomposition formed by the decay of leaves, wood, and other vegetable matter; and b) fulvic acid, which is a water soluble substance of low molecular weight that is derived from humus”. Source: https://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/index.cfm
Bromodichloromethane
2018/19: Hindmarsh Island (South Australia) Bromodichloromethane 107ug/L (max), 91.4ug/L (av.)
16/1/20 Hindmarsh Island (South Australia) Bromodichloromethane 95ug/L (max). (2019/20 av. 85.3ug/L)
9/7/20: Hindmarsh Island (South Australia) Bromodichloromethane 83ug/L
13/8/20: Hindmarsh Island (South Australia) Bromodichloromethane 77ug/L
10/9/20: Hindmarsh Island (South Australia) Bromodichloromethane 78ug/L
15/10/20: Hindmarsh Island (South Australia) Bromodichloromethane 82ug/L
12/11/20: Hindmarsh Island (South Australia) Bromodichloromethane 81ug/L
10/12/20: Hindmarsh Island (South Australia) Bromodichloromethane 88ug/L
14/1/21: Hindmarsh Island (South Australia) Bromodichloromethane 94ug/L
11/2/21: Hindmarsh Island (South Australia) Bromodichloromethane 89ug/L
11/3/21: Hindmarsh Island (South Australia) Bromodichloromethane 90ug/L
15/4/21: Hindmarsh Island (South Australia) Bromodichloromethane 96ug/L
15/4/21: Hindmarsh Island (South Australia) Bromodichloromethane 95ug/L
10/6/21: Hindmarsh Island (South Australia) Bromodichloromethane 94ug/L
14/10/21: Hindmarsh Island (South Australia) Bromodichloromethane 96ug/L (max), 60.17ug/L (av. 2021/22)
WHO Guideline level BDCM: 60ug/L (Australian Guideline for BDCM is included in the combined total of BDCM, Chloroform, Dibromochloromethane and Bromoform. THM guideline is 250ug/L)
“Carcinogenicity : Bromodichloromethane is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in experimental animals.
Cancer Studies in Experimental Animals: Oral exposure to bromodichloromethane caused tumors at several different tissue sites in mice and rats. Administration of bromodichloromethane by stomach tube caused benign and malignant kidney tumors (tubular-cell adenoma and adenocarcinoma) in male mice and in rats of both sexes, benign and
malignant liver tumors (hepatocellular adenoma and carcinoma) in female mice, and benign and malignant colon tumors (adenomatous polyps and adenocarcinoma) in rats of both sexes (NTP 1987, ATSDR 1989, IARC 1991, 1999).
Since bromodichloromethane was listed in the Sixth Annual Report on Carcinogens, additional studies in rats have been identified. Administration of bromodichloromethane in the drinking water increased the combined incidence of benign and malignant liver tumors (hepatocellular adenoma or carcinoma) in males (George et al. 2002) and caused benign liver tumors (hepatocellular adenoma) in females (Tumasonis et al. 1987).
Cancer Studies in Humans
The data available from epidemiological studies are inadequate to evaluate the relationship between human cancer and exposure specifically to bromodichloromethane. Several epidemiological studies indicated a possible association between ingestion of chlorinated drinking water (which typically contains bromodichloromethane) and increased risk of
cancer in humans, but these studies could not provide information on whether any observed effects were due to bromodichloromethane or to one or more of the hundreds of other disinfection by-products also present in chlorinated water (ATSDR 1989).” (1)
Hindmarsh Island (South Australia) – Chloral Hydrate
30/7/09 Hindmarsh Island Chloral Hydrate 23.1ug/L
27/8/09 Hindmarsh Island Chloral Hydrate 26.9ug/L
24/9/09 Hindmarsh Island Chloral Hydrate 21.1ug/L
22/10/09 Hindmarsh Island Chloral Hydrate 28.9ug/L
19/11/09 Hindmarsh Island Chloral Hydrate 22.9ug/L
17/12/09 Hindmarsh Island Chloral Hydrate 20.8ug/L
14/1/10 Hindmarsh Island Chloral Hydrate 30.8ug/L
11/2/10 Hindmarsh Island Chloral Hydrate 23.1ug/L
11/3/10 Hindmarsh Island Chloral Hydrate 24ug/L
3/6/10 Hindmarsh Island Chloral Hydrate 22.4ug/L
1/7/10 Hindmarsh Island Chloral Hydrate 24.5ug/L
29/7/10 Hindmarsh Island Chloral Hydrate 23.4ug/L
26/8/10 Hindmarsh Island Chloral Hydrate 23.7ug/L
24/9/10 Hindmarsh Island Chloral Hydrate 25.4ug/L
19/10/10 Hindmarsh Island Chloral Hydrate 25.4ug/L
18/11/10 Hindmarsh Island Chloral Hydrate 26.2ug/L
13/1/11 Hindmarsh Island Chloral Hydrate 27.7ug/L
5/5/11 Hindmarsh Island Chloral Hydrate 20ug/L
Chloral hydrate is a disinfection by-product, arising from chlorination of water containing naturally occurring organic material (NOM). Chloral hydrate is a sedative and hypnotic drug. Long-term use of chloral hydrate is associated with a rapid development of tolerance to its effects and possible addiction as well as adverse effects including rashes, gastric
discomfort and severe renal, cardiac and hepatic failure.
2004 Australian Drinking Water Guideline: Trichloroacetaldehyde (chloral hydrate): 0.02mg/L
2011 Australian Drinking Water Guideline: Trichloroacetaldehyde (chloral hydrate): 0.1mg/L
Based on health considerations, the concentration of chloral hydrate in drinking water
should not exceed 0.1 mg/L. Action to reduce chloral hydrate is encouraged, but must not compromise disinfection, as non-disinfected water poses significantly greater risk than chloral hydrate. (2011 ADWG)
2022/23: Hindmarsh Island (South Australia) – pH (alkaline)
2022/23: Hindmarsh Island – Wentworth Parade (South Australia) pH 8.69 (av.)
Based on the need to reduce corrosion and encrustation in pipes and fittings, the pH of
drinking water should be between 6.5 and 8.5.
New concrete tanks and cement-mortar lined pipes can significantly increase pH and
a value up to 9.2 may be tolerated, provided monitoring indicates no deterioration in
microbiological quality.
pH is a measure of the hydrogen ion concentration of water. It is measured on a logarithmic scale from 0 to 14. A pH of 7 is neutral, greater than 7 is alkaline, and less than 7 is acidic.
One of the major objectives in controlling pH is to minimise corrosion and encrustation in pipes and fittings. Corrosion can be reduced by the formation of a protective layer of calcium carbonate on the inside of the pipe or fitting, and the formation of this layer is affected by pH, temperature, the availability of calcium (hardness) and carbon dioxide. If the water is too alkaline (above pH 8.5), the rapid deposition and build-up of calcium carbonate that can result may eventually block the pipe.