Carrickalinga (South Australia) – Chloral Hydrate

13/2/09 Carrickalinga  Chloral Hydrate 27.3ug/L

24/4/09 Carrickalinga  Chloral Hydrate 22.7ug/L

5/6/09 Carrickalinga  Chloral Hydrate 26.3ug/L

31/7/09 Carrickalinga  Chloral Hydrate 29.6ug/L

28/8/09 Carrickalinga  Chloral Hydrate 22.6ug/L

25/9/09 Carrickalinga  Chloral Hydrate 22.6ug/L

18/12/09 Carrickalinga  Chloral Hydrate 23.7ug/L

15/1/10 Carrickalinga  Chloral Hydrate 31.2ug/L

12/2/10 Carrickalinga  Chloral Hydrate 26.9ug/L

4/6/10 Carriackalinga  Chloral Hydrate 33.2ug/L

2/7/10 Carrickalinga  Chloral Hydrate 37.2ug/L

27/8/10 Carrickalinga  Chloral Hydrate 28.6ug/L

24/9/10 Carrickalinga  Chloral Hydrate 30.4ug/L

22/10/10 Carrickalinga  Chloral Hydrate 28.7ug/L

19/11/10 Carrickalinga  Chloral Hydrate 32.4ug/L

14/1/11 Carrickalinga  Chloral Hydrate 25.9ug/L

11/2/11 Carrickalinga  Chloral Hydrate 23.8ug/L

6/5/11 Carrickalinga  Chloral Hydrate 34ug/L

3/6/11 Carrickalinga  Chloral Hydrate 30.2ug/L

1/7/11 Carrickalinga  Chloral Hydrate 28ug/L

29/7/11 Carrickalinga  Chloral Hydrate 25.6ug/L

16/12/11 Carrickalinga  Chloral Hydrate 22.8ug/L

13/1/12 Carrickalinga  Chloral Hydrate 30ug/L

10/2/12 Carrickalinga  Chloral Hydrate 35.7ug/L

9/3/12 Carrickalinga  Chloral Hydrate 23.6ug/L

5/4/12 Carrickalinga  Chloral Hydrate 24.7ug/L

2/5/12 Carrickalinga  Chloral Hydrate 25.2ug/L

Chloral hydrate is a disinfection by-product, arising from chlorination of water containing naturally occurring organic material (NOM). Chloral hydrate is a sedative and hypnotic drug. Long-term use of chloral hydrate is associated with a rapid development of tolerance to its effects and possible addiction as well as adverse effects including rashes, gastric
discomfort and severe renal, cardiac and hepatic failure.

2004 Australian Drinking Water Guideline: Trichloroacetaldehyde (chloral hydrate): 0.02mg/L

2011 Australian Drinking Water Guideline: Trichloroacetaldehyde (chloral hydrate): 0.1mg/L

 

Carrickalinga (South Australia)

Breaches to Australian Drinking Water Guidelines Levels Only

30/03/2007 Carrickalinga Solitude Dr Trihalomethanes – Total 269 ug/L

5/06/2009 Carrickalinga  Solitude Dr Trihalomethanes – Total 273 ug/L

12/02/2010 Carrickalinga  Solitude Dr Trihalomethanes – Total 255 ug/L

9/04/2010 Carrickalinga  Solitude Dr Trihalomethanes – Total 267 ug/L

2/07/2010 Carrickalinga  Solitude Dr Trihalomethanes – Total 255 ug/L

6/05/2011 Carrickalinga  Solitude Dr Trihalomethanes – Total 271 ug/L

15/01/2016 Carrickalinga  Solitude Dr Trihalomethanes – Total 275 ug/L

Trihalomethanes Australian Guideline Level 250μg/L (0.25mg/L)

Why and how are THMs formed?
“When chlorine is added to water with organic material, such as algae, river weeds, and decaying leaves, THMs are formed. Residual chlorine molecules react with this harmless organic material to form a group of chlorinated chemical compounds, THMs. They are tasteless and odourless, but harmful and potentially toxic. The quantity of by-products formed is determined by several factors, such as the amount and type of organic material present in water, temperature, pH, chlorine dosage, contact time available for chlorine, and bromide concentration in the water. The organic matter in water mainly consists of a) humic substance, which is the organic portion of soil that remains after prolonged microbial decomposition formed by the decay of leaves, wood, and other vegetable matter; and b) fulvic acid, which is a water soluble substance of low molecular weight that is derived from humus”. Source: http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/index.cfm