Monarto (South Australia) – Chloral Hydrate
14/4/10 Monarto Chloral Hydrate 21.7ug/L
2/6/10 Monarto Chloral Hydrate 23ug/L
9/6/10 Monarto Chloral Hydrate 36.7ug/L
30/6/10 Monarto Chloral Hydrate 26.7ug/L
7/7/10 Monarto Chloral Hydrate 26.6ug/L
27/10/10 Monarto Chloral Hydrate 23.8ug/L
21/10/11 Monarto Chloral Hydrate 28.7ug/L
16/12/11 Monarto Chloral Hydrate 24.5ug/L
10/2/12 Monarto Chloral Hydrate 22.4ug/L
Chloral hydrate is a disinfection by-product, arising from chlorination of water containing naturally occurring organic material (NOM). Chloral hydrate is a sedative and hypnotic drug. Long-term use of chloral hydrate is associated with a rapid development of tolerance to its effects and possible addiction as well as adverse effects including rashes, gastric
discomfort and severe renal, cardiac and hepatic failure.
2004 Australian Drinking Water Guideline: Trichloroacetaldehyde (chloral hydrate): 0.02mg/L
2011 Australian Drinking Water Guideline: Trichloroacetaldehyde (chloral hydrate): 0.1mg/L
Monarto (South Australia) – Trihalomethanes
Breaches to Australian Drinking Water Guidelines Levels Only
19/02/2009 Monarto Zion Lutheran Church Schenscher Rd Trihalomethanes – Total 281 ug/L
17/02/2011 Monarto Zion Lutheran Church Schenscher Rd Trihalomethanes – Total 362 ug/L
16/03/2011 Monarto Zion Lutheran Church Schenscher Rd Trihalomethanes – Total 297 ug/L
8/03/2012 Monarto Zion Lutheran Church Schenscher Rd Trihalomethanes – Total 292 ug/L
5/04/2012 Monarto Zion Lutheran Church Schenscher Rd Trihalomethanes – Total 251 ug/L
4/05/2012 Monarto Zion Lutheran Church Schenscher Rd Trihalomethanes – Total 266 ug/L
31/05/2012 Monarto Zion Lutheran Church Schenscher Rd Trihalomethanes – Total 252 ug/L
Trihalomethanes Australian Guideline Level 250μg/L (0.25mg/L)
Why and how are THMs formed?
“When chlorine is added to water with organic material, such as algae, river weeds, and decaying leaves, THMs are formed. Residual chlorine molecules react with this harmless organic material to form a group of chlorinated chemical compounds, THMs. They are tasteless and odourless, but harmful and potentially toxic. The quantity of by-products formed is determined by several factors, such as the amount and type of organic material present in water, temperature, pH, chlorine dosage, contact time available for chlorine, and bromide concentration in the water. The organic matter in water mainly consists of a) humic substance, which is the organic portion of soil that remains after prolonged microbial decomposition formed by the decay of leaves, wood, and other vegetable matter; and b) fulvic acid, which is a water soluble substance of low molecular weight that is derived from humus”. Source: https://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/in