Caloote (South Australia) Trihalomethanes

Breaches to Australian Drinking Water Guidelines Levels Only

18/11/2010 Caloote  Murray St Trihalomethanes – Total 286 ug/L

13/01/2011 Caloote Murray St Trihalomethanes – Total 344 ug/L

10/02/2011 Caloote  Murray St Trihalomethanes – Total 381 ug/L

8/03/2011 Caloote Murray St Trihalomethanes – Total 373 ug/L

7/04/2011 Caloote Murray St Trihalomethanes – Total 268 ug/L

3/05/2012 Caloote Murray St Trihalomethanes – Total 279 ug/L

Trihalomethanes Australian Guideline Level 250μg/L (0.25mg/L)

Why and how are THMs formed?
“When chlorine is added to water with organic material, such as algae, river weeds, and decaying leaves, THMs are formed. Residual chlorine molecules react with this harmless organic material to form a group of chlorinated chemical compounds, THMs. They are tasteless and odourless, but harmful and potentially toxic. The quantity of by-products formed is determined by several factors, such as the amount and type of organic material present in water, temperature, pH, chlorine dosage, contact time available for chlorine, and bromide concentration in the water. The organic matter in water mainly consists of a) humic substance, which is the organic portion of soil that remains after prolonged microbial decomposition formed by the decay of leaves, wood, and other vegetable matter; and b) fulvic acid, which is a water soluble substance of low molecular weight that is derived from humus”. Source: https://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/index.cfm

Caloote (South Australia) – Bromodichloromethane

2022/23: Caloote (South Australia) Bromodichloromethane 79ug/L (max), 51.53ug/L (av.)

WHO Guideline level BDCM: 60ug/L (Australian Guideline for BDCM is included in the Trihalomethane (THM) combined total of BDCM, Chloroform, Dibromochloromethane and Bromoform. THM guideline is 250ug/L)

“Carcinogenicity : Bromodichloromethane is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in experimental animals.
Cancer Studies in Experimental Animals: Oral exposure to bromodichloromethane caused tumors at several different tissue sites in mice and rats. Administration of bromodichloromethane by stomach tube caused benign and malignant kidney tumors (tubular-cell adenoma and adenocarcinoma) in male mice and in rats of both sexes, benign and
malignant liver tumors (hepatocellular adenoma and carcinoma) in female mice, and benign and malignant colon tumors (adenomatous polyps and adenocarcinoma) in rats of both sexes (NTP 1987, ATSDR 1989, IARC 1991, 1999).

Caloote (South Australia) – Total Haloacetic Acids

16/6/22: Caloote (South Australia) Total Haloacetic Acid (HAA 9) 0.130mg/L (max) 0.095mg/L (av. 2021/22)

13/12/22: Caloote (South Australia) Total Haloacetic Acid (HAA 9) 0.111mg/L (max) 0.068mg/L (av. 2021/22)

Australian Guidelines Trichloroacetic Acid 0.100mg/L, Dichloroacetic Acid 0.100mg/L

“Chloroacetic acids are produced in drinking water as by-products of the reaction between chlorine and naturally occurring humic and fulvic acids. Concentrations reported overseas range up to 0.16mg/L and are typically about half the chloroform concentration. The chloroacetic acids are used commercially as reagents or intermediates in the preparation of a wide variety of chemicals. Monochloroacetic acid can be used as a pre-emergent herbicide, dichloroacetic acid as an ingredient in some pharmaceutical products, and trichloroacetic acid as a herbicide, soil sterilant and antiseptic.” Australian Drinking Water Guidelines – National Health and Medical Research Council…

Caloote (South Australia) – Chloral Hydrate

Caloote Chloral hydrate breaches in SA Water network 2000-2012 (10)

29/7/10 Caloote  Chloral Hydrate 29ug/L

18/11/10 Caloote  Chloral Hydrate 49.9ug/L

16/12/10 Caloote  Chloral Hydrate 21.8ug/L

13/1/11 Caloote  Chloral Hydrate 38.7ug/L

20/10/11 Caloote  Chloral Hydrate 23ug/L

9/2/12 Caloote  Chloral Hydrate 23.5ug/L

8/3/12 Caloote  Chloral Hydrate 33.7ug/L

¾/12 Caloote  Chloral Hydrate 29ug/L

3/5/12 Caloote  Chloral Hydrate 34ug/L

31/5/12 Caloote  Chloral Hydrate 25.3ug/L

Chloral hydrate is a disinfection by-product, arising from chlorination of water containing naturally occurring organic material (NOM). Chloral hydrate is a sedative and hypnotic drug. Long-term use of chloral hydrate is associated with a rapid development of tolerance to its effects and possible addiction as well as adverse effects including rashes, gastric
discomfort and severe renal, cardiac and hepatic failure.

2004 Australian Drinking Water Guideline: Trichloroacetaldehyde (chloral hydrate): 0.02mg/L

2011 Australian Drinking Water Guideline: Trichloroacetaldehyde (chloral hydrate): 0.1mg/L

2022/23 Caloote (South Australia) Chloropicrin

2022/23: Caloote (South Australia) Chloropicrin 1.7ug/L (max), 0.85ug/L (av.)

No Guideline level for Chloropicrin

Chloropicrin is formed in water by the reaction of chlorine with humic acids, amino acids,
and nitrophenols. The presence of nitrates increases the amount formed (6). Chloropicrin has
been detected in drinking-water; however, in the presence of reducing agents, it is converted
into chloroform