Kingscote (South Australia) – Triahlomethanes

Breaches to Australian Drinking Water Guidelines Levels Only

17/01/2000 Kingscote Chapman Tce Trihalomethanes – Total 365 ug/L

20/03/2000 Kingscote Rawson Av Trihalomethanes – Total 496 ug/L

17/05/2000  Kingscote  Chapman Tce Trihalomethanes – Total 453 ug/L

17/05/2000  Kingscote  Rawson Av Trihalomethanes – Total 430 ug/L

17/07/2000  Kingscote  Chapman Tce Trihalomethanes – Total 403 ug/L

17/07/2000  Kingscote  Rawson Av Trihalomethanes – Total 380 ug/L

18/09/2000  Kingscote  Rawson Av Trihalomethanes – Total 394 ug/L

18/09/2000  Kingscote  Chapman Tce Trihalomethanes – Total 347 ug/L

20/11/2000  Kingscote  Chapman Tce Trihalomethanes – Total 302 ug/L

20/11/2000 Kingscote  Rawson Av Trihalomethanes – Total 296 ug/L

15/01/2001  Kingscote  Chapman Tce Trihalomethanes – Total 379 ug/L

15/01/2001 Kingscote Rawson Av Trihalomethanes – Total 358 ug/L

19/03/2001  Kingscote  Chapman Tce Trihalomethanes – Total 367 ug/L

19/03/2001  Kingscote  Rawson Av Trihalomethanes – Total 409 ug/L

23/05/2001  Kingscote  Chapman Tce Trihalomethanes – Total 389 ug/L

23/05/2001  Kingscote  Rawson Av Trihalomethanes – Total 423 ug/L

16/07/2001  Kingscote  Rawson Av Trihalomethanes – Total 362 ug/L

16/07/2001  Kingscote  Chapman Tce Trihalomethanes – Total 372 ug/L

17/09/2001  Kingscote  Rawson Av Trihalomethanes – Total 289 ug/L

17/09/2001  Kingscote Chapman Tce Trihalomethanes – Total 296 ug/L

27/11/2001  Kingscote  Chapman Tce Trihalomethanes – Total 289 ug/L

27/11/2001  Kingscote  Rawson Av Trihalomethanes – Total 275 ug/L

22/01/2002  Kingscote  Chapman Tce Trihalomethanes – Total 413 ug/L

22/01/2002 Kingscote  Rawson Av Trihalomethanes – Total 387 ug/L

25/03/2002  Kingscote  Chapman Tce Trihalomethanes – Total 396 ug/L

25/03/2002 Kingscote  Rawson Av Trihalomethanes – Total 375 ug/L

23/05/2002 Kingscote  Rawson Av Trihalomethanes – Total 445 ug/L

23/05/2002  Kingscote  Chapman Tce Trihalomethanes – Total 410 ug/L

16/07/2002  Kingscote  Chapman Tce Trihalomethanes – Total 314 ug/L

16/07/2002  Kingscote  Rawson Av Trihalomethanes – Total 315 ug/L

23/09/2002 Kingscote  Chapman Tce Trihalomethanes – Total 332 ug/L

23/09/2002  Kingscote Rawson Av Trihalomethanes – Total 337 ug/L

26/11/2002 1 Kingscote  Chapman Tce Trihalomethanes – Total 361 ug/L

26/11/2002  Kingscote Rawson Av Trihalomethanes – Total 355 ug/L

20/01/2003  Kingscote Chapman Tce Trihalomethanes – Total 446 ug/L

20/01/2003  Kingscote  Rawson Av Trihalomethanes – Total 432 ug/L

18/03/2003  Kingscote  Chapman Tce Trihalomethanes – Total 508 ug/L

18/03/2003  Kingscote  Rawson Av Trihalomethanes – Total 485 ug/L

20/05/2003  Kingscote  Chapman Tce Trihalomethanes – Total 455 ug/L

20/05/2003 Kingscote  Rawson Av Trihalomethanes – Total 435 ug/L

23/07/2003  Kingscote  Chapman Tce Trihalomethanes – Total 250 ug/L

23/07/2003  Kingscote  Rawson Av Trihalomethanes – Total 258 ug/L

15/09/2003  Kingscote  Rawson Av Trihalomethanes – Total 256 ug/L

17/11/2003  Kingscote  Chapman Tce Trihalomethanes – Total 276 ug/L

15/03/2004  Kingscote  Chapman Tce Trihalomethanes – Total 376 ug/L

15/03/2004  Kingscote Rawson Av Trihalomethanes – Total 385 ug/L

10/05/2004  Kingscote  Rawson Av Trihalomethanes – Total 510 ug/L

10/05/2004  Kingscote  Chapman Tce Trihalomethanes – Total 478 ug/L

12/07/2004  Kingscote  Chapman Tce Trihalomethanes – Total 324 ug/L

12/07/2004  Kingscote Rawson Av Trihalomethanes – Total 330 ug/L

13/09/2004  Kingscote  Chapman Tce Trihalomethanes – Total 250 ug/L

8/11/2004  Kingscote  Chapman Tce Trihalomethanes – Total 293 ug/L

8/11/2004  Kingscote  Rawson Av Trihalomethanes – Total 285 ug/L

10/01/2005  Kingscote  Rawson Av Trihalomethanes – Total 385 ug/L

10/01/2005  Kingscote Chapman Tce Trihalomethanes – Total 398 ug/L

14/03/2005  Kingscote  Rawson Av Trihalomethanes – Total 426 ug/L

14/03/2005  Kingscote Chapman Tce Trihalomethanes – Total 433 ug/L

9/05/2005 Kingscote  Rawson Av Trihalomethanes – Total 395 ug/L

9/05/2005  Kingscote  Chapman Tce Trihalomethanes – Total 442 ug/L

11/07/2005  Kingscote Chapman Tce Trihalomethanes – Total 337 ug/L

11/07/2005 Kingscote  Rawson Av Trihalomethanes – Total 304 ug/L

14/09/2005  Kingscote Chapman Tce Trihalomethanes – Total 258 ug/L

31/10/2005  Kingscote  Rawson Av Trihalomethanes – Total 310 ug/L

28/11/2005 Kingscote  Chapman Tce Trihalomethanes – Total 330 ug/L

28/12/2005  Kingscote  Rawson Av Trihalomethanes – Total 350 ug/L

23/01/2006  Kingscote  Chapman Tce Trihalomethanes – Total 391 ug/L

20/03/2006  Kingscote  Chapman Tce Trihalomethanes – Total 381 ug/L

18/04/2006  Kingscote Rawson Av Trihalomethanes – Total 338 ug/L

15/05/2006  Kingscote Chapman Tce Trihalomethanes – Total 311 ug/L

13/06/2006  Kingscote  Rawson Av Trihalomethanes – Total 356 ug/L

3/07/2006  Kingscote  Chapman Tce Trihalomethanes – Total 414 ug/L

10/07/2006  Kingscote  Rawson Av Trihalomethanes – Total 409 ug/L

28/08/2006  Kingscote  Chapman Tce Trihalomethanes – Total 303 ug/L

4/09/2006  Kingscote  Rawson Av Trihalomethanes – Total 272 ug/L

23/10/2006  Kingscote  Chapman Tce Trihalomethanes – Total 271 ug/L

30/10/2006  Kingscote  Rawson Av Trihalomethanes – Total 277 ug/L

19/12/2006  Kingscote  Chapman Tce Trihalomethanes – Total 372 ug/L

27/12/2006  Kingscote  Rawson Av Trihalomethanes – Total 346 ug/L

12/02/2007  Kingscote  Chapman Tce Trihalomethanes – Total 383 ug/L

19/02/2007 Kingscote  Rawson Av Trihalomethanes – Total 372 ug/L

10/04/2007 Kingscote  Chapman Tce Trihalomethanes – Total 408 ug/L

16/04/2007  Kingscote  Rawson Av Trihalomethanes – Total 424 ug/L

4/06/2007  Kingscote  Chapman Tce Trihalomethanes – Total 425 ug/L

12/06/2007  Kingscote  Rawson Av Trihalomethanes – Total 349 ug/L

2/07/2007  Kingscote Chapman Tce Trihalomethanes – Total 334 ug/L

9/07/2007  Kingscote  Rawson Av Trihalomethanes – Total 309 ug/L

29/10/2007  Kingscote Rawson Av Trihalomethanes – Total 265 ug/L

17/12/2007  Kingscote  Chapman Tce Trihalomethanes – Total 291 ug/L

17/12/2007  Kingscote  Chapman Tce Trihalomethanes – Total 331 ug/L

2/01/2008 Kingscote  Chapman Tce Trihalomethanes – Total 305 ug/L

7/01/2008  Kingscote  Rawson Av Trihalomethanes – Total 283 ug/L

14/01/2008 Kingscote  Chapman Tce Trihalomethanes – Total 295 ug/L

21/01/2008  Kingscote  Rawson Av Trihalomethanes – Total 266 ug/L

29/01/2008  Kingscote  Chapman Tce Trihalomethanes – Total 298 ug/L

4/02/2008  Kingscote  Rawson Av Trihalomethanes – Total 309 ug/L

11/02/2008  Kingscote Chapman Tce Trihalomethanes – Total 317 ug/L

18/02/2008  Kingscote  Rawson Av Trihalomethanes – Total 292 ug/L

26/02/2008  Kingscote  Chapman Tce Trihalomethanes – Total 350 ug/L

4/03/2008  Kingscote  Rawson Av Trihalomethanes – Total 299 ug/L

11/03/2008  Kingscote  Chapman Tce Trihalomethanes – Total 318 ug/L

18/03/2008  Kingscote Rawson Av Trihalomethanes – Total 293 ug/L

25/03/2008  Kingscote  Chapman Tce Trihalomethanes – Total 312 ug/L

1/04/2008  Kingscote  Rawson Av Trihalomethanes – Total 286 ug/L

8/04/2008  Kingscote Chapman Tce Trihalomethanes – Total 303 ug/L

14/04/2008  Kingscote  Rawson Av Trihalomethanes – Total 283 ug/L

21/04/2008  Kingscote  Chapman Tce Trihalomethanes – Total 340 ug/L

28/04/2008  Kingscote  Rawson Av Trihalomethanes – Total 294 ug/L

5/05/2008  Kingscote  Chapman Tce Trihalomethanes – Total 320 ug/L

20/05/2008  Kingscote Chapman Tce Trihalomethanes – Total 279 ug/L

28/05/2008  Kingscote  Rawson Av Trihalomethanes – Total 286 ug/L

3/06/2008  Kingscote  Chapman Tce Trihalomethanes – Total 283 ug/L

16/06/2008  Kingscote  Chapman Tce Trihalomethanes – Total 268 ug/L

15/07/2008  Kingscote  Chapman Tce Trihalomethanes – Total 285 ug/L

29/07/2008  Kingscote  Chapman Tce Trihalomethanes – Total 294 ug/L

9/02/2009  Kingscote  Chapman Tce Trihalomethanes – Total 276 ug/L

17/02/2009 Kingscote  Rawson Av Trihalomethanes – Total 256 ug/L

10/03/2009  Kingscote  Chapman Tce Trihalomethanes – Total 299 ug/L

8/02/2010  Kingscote Chapman Tce Trihalomethanes – Total 263 ug/L

15/02/2010 Kingscote  Rawson Av Trihalomethanes – Total 263 ug/L

23/02/2010  Kingscote  Chapman Tce Trihalomethanes – Total 273 ug/L

9/03/2010  Kingscote Chapman Tce Trihalomethanes – Total 255 ug/L

22/03/2010  Kingscote  Chapman Tce Trihalomethanes – Total 295 ug/L

6/04/2010  Kingscote  Chapman Tce Trihalomethanes – Total 281 ug/L

8/02/2011 Kingston On Murray 9 River Tce (Town Hall) Trihalomethanes – Total 287 ug/L

17/10/2011  Kingscote  Chapman Tce Trihalomethanes – Total 265 ug/L

9/01/2012  Kingscote  Chapman Tce Trihalomethanes – Total 252 ug/L

16/01/2012  Kingscote  Rawson Av Trihalomethanes – Total 270 ug/L

23/01/2012  Kingscote Chapman Tce Trihalomethanes – Total 264 ug/L

30/01/2012 Kingscote  Rawson Av Trihalomethanes – Total 262 ug/L

6/02/2012  Kingscote  Chapman Tce Trihalomethanes – Total 283 ug/L

13/03/2012  Kingscote Rawson Av Trihalomethanes – Total 268 ug/L 18/01/2000

2018/19: Kingscote (South Australia) – Trihalomethanes 286ug/L (max), 125.3ug/L (av.)

Trihalomethanes Australian Guideline Level 250μg/L (0.25mg/L)

Why and how are THMs formed?
“When chlorine is added to water with organic material, such as algae, river weeds, and decaying leaves, THMs are formed. Residual chlorine molecules react with this harmless organic material to form a group of chlorinated chemical compounds, THMs. They are tasteless and odourless, but harmful and potentially toxic. The quantity of by-products formed is determined by several factors, such as the amount and type of organic material present in water, temperature, pH, chlorine dosage, contact time available for chlorine, and bromide concentration in the water. The organic matter in water mainly consists of a) humic substance, which is the organic portion of soil that remains after prolonged microbial decomposition formed by the decay of leaves, wood, and other vegetable matter; and b) fulvic acid, which is a water soluble substance of low molecular weight that is derived from humus”. Source: https://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/ind

Kingscote (South Australia) – Bromodichloromethane

6/4/20: Kingscote Bromodichloromethane 0.06mg/L (max) (2019/20 av. 0.024mg/L)

WHO Guideline level BDCM: 60ug/L (Australian Guideline for BDCM is included in the combined total of BDCM, Chloroform, Dibromochloromethane and Bromoform. THM guideline is 250ug/L)

“Carcinogenicity : Bromodichloromethane is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in experimental animals.
Cancer Studies in Experimental Animals: Oral exposure to bromodichloromethane caused tumors at several different tissue sites in mice and rats. Administration of bromodichloromethane by stomach tube caused benign and malignant kidney tumors (tubular-cell adenoma and adenocarcinoma) in male mice and in rats of both sexes, benign and
malignant liver tumors (hepatocellular adenoma and carcinoma) in female mice, and benign and malignant colon tumors (adenomatous polyps and adenocarcinoma) in rats of both sexes (NTP 1987, ATSDR 1989, IARC 1991, 1999).

Since bromodichloromethane was listed in the Sixth Annual Report on Carcinogens, additional studies in rats have been identified. Administration of bromodichloromethane in the drinking water increased the combined incidence of benign and malignant liver tumors (hepatocellular adenoma or carcinoma) in males (George et al. 2002) and caused benign liver tumors (hepatocellular adenoma) in females (Tumasonis et al. 1987).

Cancer Studies in Humans
The data available from epidemiological studies are inadequate to evaluate the relationship between human cancer and exposure specifically to bromodichloromethane. Several epidemiological studies indicated a possible association between ingestion of chlorinated drinking water (which typically contains bromodichloromethane) and increased risk of
cancer in humans, but these studies could not provide information on whether any observed effects were due to bromodichloromethane or to one or more of the hundreds of other disinfection by-products also present in chlorinated water (ATSDR 1989).” (1)

Kingscote (South Australia) – Chloral Hydrate

20/9/10 Kingscote  Chloral Hydrate 24.6ug/L

Chloral hydrate is a disinfection by-product, arising from chlorination of water containing naturally occurring organic material (NOM). Chloral hydrate is a sedative and hypnotic drug. Long-term use of chloral hydrate is associated with a rapid development of tolerance to its effects and possible addiction as well as adverse effects including rashes, gastric
discomfort and severe renal, cardiac and hepatic failure.

2004 Australian Drinking Water Guideline: Trichloroacetaldehyde (chloral hydrate): 0.02mg/L

2011 Australian Drinking Water Guideline: Trichloroacetaldehyde (chloral hydrate): 0.1mg/L

Kingscote (South Australia Australia) – Chloride

2018/19 Kingscote (South Australia) Chloride 413mg/L (max), 282mg/L (mean)

2019/20: Kingscote (South Australia) Chloride 305mg/L (max). 292.25mg/L av.

2022/23: Kingscote (South Australia) Chloride 345mg/L (max). 2019/20 av. 242mg/L av.

“Chloride is present in natural waters from the dissolution of salt deposits, and contamination from effluent disposal. Sodium chloride is widely used in the production of industrial chemicals such as caustic soda, chlorine, and sodium chlorite and hypochlorite. Potassium chloride is used in the production of fertilisers.

The taste threshold of chloride in water is dependent on the associated cation but is in the range 200–300 mg/L. The chloride content of water can affect corrosion of pipes and fittings. It can also affect the solubility of metal ions.

In surface water, the concentration of chloride is usually less than 100 mg/L and frequently below 10 mg/L. Groundwater can have higher concentrations, particularly if there is salt water intrusion.

Based on aesthetic considerations, the chloride concentration in drinking water should not exceed 250 mg/L.

No health-based guideline value is proposed for chloride.” 2011 Australian Drinking Water Guidelines

Kingscote (South Australia) – Total Dissolved Solids

2018/19: Kingscote (South Australia) Total Dissolved Solids 790mg/L (max), 625mg/L (av)

2019/20: Kingscote (South Australia) Total Dissolved Solids (by EC) 694mg/L (max), 648mg/L av.

2022/23: Kingscote (South Australia) Total Dissolved Solids (by EC) 761mg/L (max), 571mg/L av.

GUIDELINE

“No specific health guideline value is provided for total dissolved solids (TDS), as there are no
health effects directly attributable to TDS. However for good palatability total dissolved solids
in drinking water should not exceed 600 mg/L.

Total dissolved solids (TDS) consist of inorganic salts and small amounts of organic matter that are dissolved in water. Clay particles, colloidal iron and manganese oxides and silica, fine enough to pass through a 0.45 micron filter membrane can also contribute to total dissolved solids.

Total dissolved solids comprise: sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, sulfate, bicarbonate, carbonate, silica, organic matter, fluoride, iron, manganese, nitrate, nitrite and phosphates…” Australian Drinking Water Guidelines 2011