Cadell (South Australia)
Breaches to Australian Drinking Water Guidelines Levels Only
13/01/2011 Cadell CT 24 Dearden Tce Trihalomethanes – Total 305 ug/L
9/02/2011 Cadell CT 24 Dearden Tce Trihalomethanes – Total 376 ug/L
10/03/2011 Cadell CT 24 Dearden Tce Trihalomethanes – Total 324 ug/L
15/12/2016 Cadell CT 24 Dearden Tce Trihalomethanes – Total 283 ug/L
Trihalomethanes Australian Guideline Level 250μg/L (0.25mg/L)
Why and how are THMs formed?
“When chlorine is added to water with organic material, such as algae, river weeds, and decaying leaves, THMs are formed. Residual chlorine molecules react with this harmless organic material to form a group of chlorinated chemical compounds, THMs. They are tasteless and odourless, but harmful and potentially toxic. The quantity of by-products formed is determined by several factors, such as the amount and type of organic material present in water, temperature, pH, chlorine dosage, contact time available for chlorine, and bromide concentration in the water. The organic matter in water mainly consists of a) humic substance, which is the organic portion of soil that remains after prolonged microbial decomposition formed by the decay of leaves, wood, and other vegetable matter; and b) fulvic acid, which is a water soluble substance of low molecular weight that is derived from humus”. Source: https://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/index.cfm
Cadell (South Australia) – Total Haloacetic Acids
28/10/20: Cadell (South Australia) Total Haloacetic Acids 0.194mg/L (max), 0.1345mg/L
Australian Guidelines Trichloroacetic Acid 0.100mg/L, Dichloroacetic Acid 0.100mg/L
“Chloroacetic acids are produced in drinking water as by-products of the reaction between chlorine and naturally occurring humic and fulvic acids. Concentrations reported overseas range up to 0.16mg/L and are typically about half the chloroform concentration. The chloroacetic acids are used commercially as reagents or intermediates in the preparation of a wide variety of chemicals. Monochloroacetic acid can be used as a pre-emergent herbicide, dichloroacetic acid as an ingredient in some pharmaceutical products, and trichloroacetic acid as a herbicide, soil sterilant and antiseptic.” Australian Drinking Water Guidelines – National Health and Medical Research Council…
Cadell (South Australia) – Bromodichloromethane
2022/23: Cadell Bromodichloromethane 85ug/L (max), 45.94ug/L (av.)
WHO Guideline level BDCM: 60ug/L (Australian Guideline for BDCM is included in the Trihalomethane (THM) combined total of BDCM, Chloroform, Dibromochloromethane and Bromoform. THM guideline is 250ug/L)
“Carcinogenicity : Bromodichloromethane is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in experimental animals.
Cancer Studies in Experimental Animals: Oral exposure to bromodichloromethane caused tumors at several different tissue sites in mice and rats. Administration of bromodichloromethane by stomach tube caused benign and malignant kidney tumors (tubular-cell adenoma and adenocarcinoma) in male mice and in rats of both sexes, benign and
malignant liver tumors (hepatocellular adenoma and carcinoma) in female mice, and benign and malignant colon tumors (adenomatous polyps and adenocarcinoma) in rats of both sexes (NTP 1987, ATSDR 1989, IARC 1991, 1999).
2016/17: Cadell (South Australia) – Chlorate
11/8/16: Cadell (South Australia) – Chlorate 0.35mg/L
17/11/16: Cadell (South Australia) – Chlorate 0.5mg/L
23/2/17: Cadell (South Australia) – Chlorate 0.31mg/L
18/5/17: Cadell (South Australia) – Chlorate 0.26mg/L
Chlorite: ADWG Health 0.3mg/L.
Chlorite and chlorate are disinfection by-products of chlorine dioxide disinfection process.
“… industry are having serious problems meeting chlorite/chlorate limits that were proposed in the new Australian Drinking Water Guidelines, especially for disinfection in long distance pipelines that are dosed with sodium hyptochlorite” pers comm 18/5/11.
“Chlorite occurs in drinking water when chlorine dioxide is used for purification purposes. The
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has concluded that chlorite is not classifiable as carcinogenic to humans and is listed in the Group 3 category. Changes in red blood vessels due to oxidative stress are a major concern with excessive levels of Chlorite in drinking water. According to the US EPA, potential health problems for people drinking Chorite above safe drinking water guideline include: Anemia in infants and young children and nervous system effects.” https://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/index.cfm
“Chlorine dioxide (chlorite) is rarely used as a disinfectant in Australian reticulated supplies.
When used, the chlorite residual is generally maintained between 0.2mg/L and 0.4mg/L. It is
particularly effective inthe control of manganese-reducing bacteria. Few data are available on
chlorate levels in Australian water supplies….Chlorine dioxide, chlorite, and chlorate are all
absorbed rapidly by the gastrointestinal tract into blood plasma and distributed to the major
organs. All compounds appear to be rapidly metabolised. Chlorine dioxide has been shown to
impair neurobehavioural and neurological development in rats exposed before birth. Experimental studies with rats and monkeys exposed to chlorine dioxide in drinking water have shown some evidence of thyroid toxicity; however, because of the studies’ limitations, it is difficult to draw firm conclusions (WHO 2005) The primary concern with chlorite and chlorate is oxidative stress resulting in changes in red blood cells. This end point is seen in laboratory animals and, by analogy with chlorate, in humans exposed to high doses in poisoning incidents (WHO 2005).” Australian Drinking Water Guidelines – National Health and Medical Research Centre
“…Subchronic studies in animals (cats, mice, rats and monkeys) indicate that chlorite and chlorate cause haematological changes (osmotic fragility, oxidative stress, increase in mean corpuscular volume), stomach lesions and increased spleen and adrenal weights… Neurobehavioural effects (lowered auditory startle amplitude, decreased brain weight and decreased exploratory activity) are the most sensitive endpoints following oral exposure to chlorite…” https://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ewh-semt/pubs/water-eau/chlorite-chlorate/indexeng.
php#sec10_1Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water Quality.
Cadell – South Australia – Temperature
November 10 2016: Cadell (South Australia) Dearden Tce – Temperature 21C
November 17 2016: Cadell (South Australia) Dearden Tce – Temperature 23C
November 24 2016: Cadell (South Australia) Dearden Tce – Temperature 22C
December 1 2016: Cadell (South Australia) Dearden Tce – Temperature 22C
December 8 2016: Cadell (South Australia) Dearden Tce – Temperature 24C
December 15 2016: Cadell (South Australia) Dearden Tce – Temperature 24C
December 22 2016: Cadell (South Australia) Dearden Tce – Temperature 24C
December 29 2016: Cadell (South Australia) Dearden Tce – Temperature 26C
January 5 2017: Cadell (South Australia) Dearden Tce – Temperature 27C
January 12 2017: Cadell (South Australia) Dearden Tce – Temperature 27C
January 19 2017: Cadell (South Australia) Dearden Tce – Temperature 27C
January 25 2017: Cadell (South Australia) Dearden Tce – Temperature 27C
February 2 2017: Cadell (South Australia) Dearden Tce – Temperature 27C
February 9 2017: Cadell (South Australia) Dearden Tce – Temperature 27C
February 16 2017: Cadell (South Australia) Dearden Tce – Temperature 27C
February 23 2017: Cadell (South Australia) Dearden Tce – Temperature 27C
March 2 2017: Cadell (South Australia) Dearden Tce – Temperature 27C
March 9 2017: Cadell (South Australia) Dearden Tce – Temperature 27C
March 16 2017: Cadell (South Australia) Dearden Tce – Temperature 25C
March 23 2017: Cadell (South Australia) Dearden Tce – Temperature 24C
March 30 2017: Cadell (South Australia) Dearden Tce – Temperature 23C
April 6 2017: Cadell (South Australia) Dearden Tce – Temperature 23C
April 13 2017: Cadell (South Australia) Dearden Tce – Temperature 20C
April 20 2017: Cadell (South Australia) Dearden Tce – Temperature 22C
GUIDELINE
“No guideline is set due to the impracticality of controlling water temperature.
Drinking water temperatures above 20°C may result in an increase in the number of
complaints.
Temperature is primarily an aesthetic criterion for drinking water. Generally, cool water is more palatable than warm or cold water. In general, consumers will react to a change in water temperature. Complaints are most frequent when the temperature suddenly increases.
The turbidity and colour of filtered water may be indirectly affected by temperature, as low water temperatures tend to decrease the efficiency of water treatment processes by, for instance, affecting floc formation rates and sedimentation efficiency.
Chemical reaction rates increase with temperature, and this can lead to greater corrosion of pipes and fittings in closed systems. Scale formation in hard waters will also be greater at higher temperatures…
Water temperatures in major Australian reticulated supplies range from 10°C to 30°C. In some long, above-ground pipelines, water temperatures up to 45°C may be experienced…
The effectiveness of chlorine as a disinfectant is influenced by the temperature of the water being dosed. Generally higher temperatures result in more effective disinfection at a particular chlorine dose, but this may be counterbalanced by a more rapid loss of chlorine to the atmosphere (AWWA 1990).
2022/23 Cadell (South Australia) Chloropicrin
2022/23: Cadell (South Australia) Chloropicrin 1.4ug/L (max), 0.7ug/L (av.)
No Guideline level for Chloropicrin
Chloropicrin is formed in water by the reaction of chlorine with humic acids, amino acids,
and nitrophenols. The presence of nitrates increases the amount formed (6). Chloropicrin has
been detected in drinking-water; however, in the presence of reducing agents, it is converted
into chloroform