Ceduna (South Australia) – Trihalomethanes

South Australia THM’s Highest readings 2000-2012: Ceduna 0.996mg/L (19/2/01), Ceduna 0.994mg/L (19/3/01)

17/01/2001 Ceduna Murat Tce (SAW Depot) Trihalomethanes – Total 346 ug/L

19/02/2001 Ceduna Murat Tce (SAW Depot) Trihalomethanes – Total 996 ug/L

19/03/2001 Ceduna  Murat Tce (SAW Depot) Trihalomethanes – Total 994 ug/L

17/04/2001 Ceduna Murat Tce (SAW Depot) Trihalomethanes – Total 541 ug/L

22/05/2001 Ceduna  Murat Tce (SAW Depot) Trihalomethanes – Total 319 ug/L

21/01/2002  Ceduna  Murat Tce (SAW Depot) Trihalomethanes – Total 688 ug/L

25/03/2002 Ceduna Murat Tce (SAW Depot) Trihalomethanes – Total 529 ug/L

22/04/2002  Ceduna  Murat Tce (SAW Depot) Trihalomethanes – Total 516 ug/L

28/05/2002  Ceduna Murat Tce (SAW Depot) Trihalomethanes – Total 329 ug/L

2/07/2002  Ceduna Murat Tce (SAW Depot) Trihalomethanes – Total 299 ug/L

7/03/2011 Ceduna  Murat Tce (SAW Depot) Trihalomethanes – Total 293 ug/L

4/04/2011  Ceduna Murat Tce (SAW Depot) Trihalomethanes – Total 252 ug/L

11/01/2012 Ceduna Murat Tce (SAW Depot) Trihalomethanes – Total 250 ug/L

7/01/2013 Ceduna Murat Tce (SAW Depot) Trihalomethanes – Total 254 ug/L

5/02/2013 Ceduna Murat Tce (SAW Depot) Trihalomethanes – Total 253 ug/L

30/04/2013 Ceduna Murat Tce (SAW Depot) Trihalomethanes – Total 278 ug/L

31/07/2013 Ceduna Murat Tce (SAW Depot) Trihalomethanes – Total 262 ug/L

22/10/2013 Ceduna Murat Tce (SAW Depot) Trihalomethanes – Total 265 ug/L

11/2/2014 Ceduna Murat Tce (SAW Depot) Trihalomethanes – Total 281 ug/L

10/1/2017 Ceduna Murat Tce (SAW Depot) Trihalomethanes – Total 291 ug/L

7/2/2017 Ceduna Murat Tce (SAW Depot) Trihalomethanes – Total 350 ug/L

28/2/2017 Ceduna Murat Tce (SAW Depot) Trihalomethanes – Total 330 ug/L

7/3/2017 Ceduna Murat Tce (SAW Depot) Trihalomethanes – Total 296 ug/L

14/3/2017 Ceduna Murat Tce (SAW Depot) Trihalomethanes – Total 270 ug/L

4/4/2017 Ceduna Murat Tce (SAW Depot) Trihalomethanes – Total 253 ug/L

9/1/18 Ceduna Trihalomethanes – Total 255 µg/L

4/1/22: Ceduna Trihalomethanes 261ug/L (max) 196.4ug/L (av. 2021/22)

Australian Drinking Water Guideline Level (Trihalomethanes) 0.250mg/L (250ug/L) (US Guideline 0.08mg/L)

Classical trihalomethanes consist of chloroform (CHCl3), dichlorobromoform (CHCl2Br),
dibromochloroform (CHBr2Cl) and bromoform (CHBr3).

“When chlorine is added to water with organic material, such as algae, river weeds, and decaying leaves, THMs are formed. Residual chlorine molecules react with this harmless organic material to form a group of chlorinated chemical compounds, THMs. They are tasteless and odorless, but harmful and potentially toxic. The quantity of byproducts formed is determined by several factors, such as the amount and type of organic material present in water, temperature, pH, chlorine dosage, contact time available for chlorine, and bromide concentration in the water. The organic matter in water mainly consists of a) humic substance, which is the organic portion of soil that remains after prolonged microbial decomposition formed by the decay of leaves, wood, and other vegetable matter; and b) fulvic acid, which is a water soluble substance of low molecular weight that is derived from humus”.

Ceduna (South Australia) – Hardness

2018/19: Ceduna (South Australia) Hardness as CaCO3 205mg/L (max), 186.5mg/L (mean)

GUIDELINE

“To minimise undesirable build‑up of scale in hot water systems, total hardness (as calcium
carbonate) in drinking water should not exceed 200 mg/L.

Hard water requires more soap than soft water to obtain a lather. It can also cause scale to form on hot water pipes and fittings. Hardness is caused primarily by the presence of calcium and magnesium ions, although other cations such as strontium, iron, manganese and barium can also contribute.”

Australian Drinking Water Guidelines 2011

Ceduna (South Australia) Bromoform

2021/22: Ceduna (South Australia) Bromoform 114ug/L (max), 73.46ug/L (av.)

2022/23: Ceduna (South Australia) Bromoform 126ug/L (max), 78.27ug/L (av.)

WHO Bromoform Guideline 100ug/L. Bromoform is a Trihalomethane, which combined with Dibromochloromethane, Bromodichloromethane and Chloroform amount to Total Trihalomethanes. Trihalomethanes (combined) have an Australian Guideline of 250ug/L

Natural production of bromoform by phytoplankton and seaweeds in the ocean is thought to be its predominant source in the environment.^[5] However, locally significant amounts of bromoform enter the environment formed as disinfection byproducts known as trihalomethanes when chlorine is added to drinking water to kill bacteria. It is somewhat soluble in water and readily evaporates into the air. Bromoform is the main trihalomethane produced in beachfront salt water swimming pools with concentrations as high as 1.2 ppm (parts per million). Concentrations in freshwater pools are 1000 times lower.^[6] Occupational skin exposure limits are set at 0.5 ppm

Ceduna (South Australia) – Dibromochloromethane

2022/23: Ceduna Dibromochloromethane  (Trihalomethane) 120ug/L (max). 82.67ug/L (av.)

WHO Guideline level Dibromochloromethane: 100ug/L (Australian Guideline for Dibromochloromethane is included in the Trihalomethane (THM) combined total of BDCM, Chloroform, Dibromochloromethane and Bromoform. THM guideline is 250ug/L)