Sovereign Hills – Western Australia – Hardness
2007/08: Sovereign Hills (Western Australia) – Hardness 207mg/L (Highest Detection Only)
2008/09: Sovereign Hills (Western Australia) – Hardness 291mg/L (max), 236mg/L (mean)
2010/11 Sovereign Hills (Western Australia) Hardness 240mg/L (max), 240mg/L (mean)
2011/12 Sovereign Hills (Western Australia) Hardness 220mg/L (max), 215mg/L (mean)
2013/14 Sovereign Hills (Western Australia) Hardness 240mg/L (max), 240mg/L (mean)
2014/15 Sovereign Hills (Western Australia) Hardness 240mg/L (max), 240mg/L (mean)
2015/16 Sovereign Hills (Western Australia) Hardness 260mg/L (max), 246mg/L (mean)
2016/17 Sovereign Hills (Western Australia) Hardness 250mg/L (max), 250mg/L (mean)
2017/18 Sovereign Hills (Western Australia) Hardness 250mg/L (max), 245mg/L (mean)
2018/19: Sovereign Hills (Western Australia) Hardness 260mg/L (max), 255mg/L (mean)
2019/20: Sovereign Hills (Western Australia) Hardness 250mg/L (max), 245mg/L (mean)
2022/23: Sovereign Hills (Western Australia) Hardness 250mg/L (max), 248mg/L (mean)
GUIDELINE
“To minimise undesirable build‑up of scale in hot water systems, total hardness (as calcium
carbonate) in drinking water should not exceed 200 mg/L.
Hard water requires more soap than soft water to obtain a lather. It can also cause scale to form on hot water pipes and fittings. Hardness is caused primarily by the presence of calcium and magnesium ions, although other cations such as strontium, iron, manganese and barium can also contribute.”
Australian Drinking Water Guidelines 2011
Sovereign Hills – Western Australia – Total Dissolved Solids
2008/09: Sovereign Hills (Western Australia) – Total Dissolved Solids 716mg/L (max), 624mg/L (mean)
2010/11 Sovereign Hills (Western Australia) Total Dissolved Solids 660mg/L (max), 660mg/L (mean)
2011/12 Sovereign Hills (Western Australia) Total Dissolved Solids 615mg/L (max), 607mg/L (mean)
2013/14 Sovereign Hills (Western Australia) Total Dissolved Solids 681mg/L (max), 669mg/L (mean)
2014/15 Sovereign Hills (Western Australia) Total Dissolved Solids 686mg/L (max), 673mg/L (mean)
2015/16 Sovereign Hills (Western Australia) Total Dissolved Solids 694mg/L (max), 678mg/L (mean)
2016/17 Sovereign Hills (Western Australia) Total Dissolved Solids 610mg/L (max), 594mg/L (mean)
2017/18 Sovereign Hills (Western Australia) Total Dissolved Solids 683mg/L (max), 676mg/L (mean)
2018/19: Sovereign Hills (Western Australia) Total Dissolved Solids 696mg/L (max), 683mg/L (mean)
2019/20: Sovereign Hills Total (Western Australia) Dissolved Solids 686mg/L (max), 683mg/L (mean)
2022/23: Sovereign Hills Total (Western Australia) Dissolved Solids 689mg/L (max), 679mg/L (mean)
GUIDELINE
“No specific health guideline value is provided for total dissolved solids (TDS), as there are no
health effects directly attributable to TDS. However for good palatability total dissolved solids
in drinking water should not exceed 600 mg/L.
Total dissolved solids (TDS) consist of inorganic salts and small amounts of organic matter that are dissolved in water. Clay particles, colloidal iron and manganese oxides and silica, fine enough to pass through a 0.45 micron filter membrane can also contribute to total dissolved solids.
Sovereign Hills (Western Australia) – Chloride
2015/16 Sovereign Hills (Western Australia) Chloride 250mg/L (max), 209mg/L (mean)
2017/18 Sovereign Hills (Western Australia) Chloride 250mg/L (max), 215mg/L (av)
“Chloride is present in natural waters from the dissolution of salt deposits, and contamination from effluent disposal. Sodium chloride is widely used in the production of industrial chemicals such as caustic soda, chlorine, and sodium chlorite and hypochlorite. Potassium chloride is used in the production of fertilisers.
The taste threshold of chloride in water is dependent on the associated cation but is in the range 200–300 mg/L. The chloride content of water can affect corrosion of pipes and fittings. It can also affect the solubility of metal ions.
In surface water, the concentration of chloride is usually less than 100 mg/L and frequently below 10 mg/L. Groundwater can have higher concentrations, particularly if there is salt water intrusion.
Based on aesthetic considerations, the chloride concentration in drinking water should not exceed 250 mg/L.
No health-based guideline value is proposed for chloride.” 2011 Australian Drinking Water Guidelines