2022/2023 – Hamley Bridge (South Australia) – E.coli
26/4/23: Hamley Bridge (South Australia). E.coli 32 CFU/100mL
Thermotolerant coliforms are a sub-group of coliforms that are able to grow at 44.5 ± 0.2°C. E. coli is the most common thermotolerant coliform present in faeces and is regarded as the most specific indicator of recent faecal contamination because generally it is not capable of growth in the environment. In contrast, some other thermotolerant coliforms (including strains of Klebsiella, Citrobacter and Enterobacter) are able to grow in the environment and their presence is not necessarily related to faecal contamination. While tests for thermotolerant coliforms can be simpler than for E. coli, E. coli is considered a superior indicator for detecting faecal contamination…” ADWG
2009/19: Hamley Bridge (South Australia)
Breaches to Australian Drinking Water Guidelines Levels Only
9/02/2009 Hamley Bridge Makin St Trihalomethanes – Total 250 ug/L
14/12/2009 Hamley Bridge Makin St Trihalomethanes – Total 255 ug/L
12/01/2010 Hamley Bridge Makin St Trihalomethanes – Total 297 ug/L
8/02/2010 Hamley Bridge Makin St Trihalomethanes – Total 286 ug/L
18/10/2010 Hamley Bridge Makin St Trihalomethanes – Total 257 ug/L
15/11/2010 Hamley Bridge Makin St Trihalomethanes – Total 280 ug/L
13/12/2010 Hamley Bridge Makin St Trihalomethanes – Total 278 ug/L
7/02/2011 Hamley Bridge Makin St Trihalomethanes – Total 268 ug/L
4/04/2011 Hamley Bridge Makin St Trihalomethanes – Total 272 ug/L
12/12/2011 Hamley Bridge Makin St Trihalomethanes – Total 267 ug/L
9/01/2012 Hamley Bridge Makin St Trihalomethanes – Total 276 ug/L
6/02/2012 Hamley Bridge Makin St Trihalomethanes – Total 322 ug/L
5/03/2012 Hamley Bridge Makin St Trihalomethanes – Total 290 ug/L
13/03/2012 Hamley Bridge Makin St Trihalomethanes – Total 329 ug/L
2/04/2012 Hamley Bridge Makin St Trihalomethanes – Total 277 ug/L
27/08/2012 Hamley Bridge Makin St Trihalomethanes – Total 253 ug/L
17/12/2012 Hamley Bridge Makin St Trihalomethanes – Total 261 ug/L
12/03/2013 Hamley Bridge Makin St Trihalomethanes – Total 251 ug/L
3/10/2013 Hamley Bridge Makin St Trihalomethanes – Total 254 ug/L
31/10/2013 Hamley Bridge Makin St Trihalomethanes – Total 266 ug/L
12/6/2014 Hamley Bridge Makin St Trihalomethanes – Total 262 ug/L
23/12/2015 Hamley Bridge Makin St Trihalomethanes – Total 294 ug/L
21/1/2016 Hamley Bridge Makin St Trihalomethanes – Total 266 ug/L
18/2/2016 Hamley Bridge Makin St Trihalomethanes – Total 291 ug/L
17/3/2016 Hamley Bridge Makin St Trihalomethanes – Total 337 ug/L
1/4/2016 Hamley Bridge Makin St Trihalomethanes – Total 303 ug/L
14/4/2016 Hamley Bridge Makin St Trihalomethanes – Total 277 ug/L
14/4/2016 Hamley Bridge Makin St Trihalomethanes – Total 291 ug/L
27/4/2016 Hamley Bridge Makin St Trihalomethanes – Total 284 ug/L
12/5/2016 Hamley Bridge Makin St Trihalomethanes – Total 263 ug/L
7/6/2016 Hamley Bridge Makin St Trihalomethanes – Total 266 ug/L
2/8/2016 Hamley Bridge Makin St Trihalomethanes – Total 267 ug/L
27/9/2016 Hamley Bridge Makin St Trihalomethanes – Total 251 ug/L
26/10/2016 Hamley Bridge Makin St Trihalomethanes – Total 268 ug/L
1/11/2016 Hamley Bridge Makin St Trihalomethanes – Total 273 ug/L
22/11/2016 Hamley Bridge Makin St Trihalomethanes – Total 295 ug/L
20/12/2016 Hamley Bridge Makin St Trihalomethanes – Total 273 ug/L
18/1/2017 Hamley Bridge Makin St Trihalomethanes – Total 331 ug/L
8/2/2017 Hamley Bridge Makin St Trihalomethanes – Total 282 ug/L
14/2/2017 Hamley Bridge Makin St Trihalomethanes – Total 274 ug/L
15/3/2017 Hamley Bridge Makin St Trihalomethanes – Total 276 ug/L
11/4/2017 Hamley Bridge Makin St Trihalomethanes – Total 261 ug/L
9/5/2017 Hamley Bridge Makin St Trihalomethanes – Total 258 ug/L
31/1/2019 Hamley Bridge Trihalomethanes – 294 ug/L
2018/19: Hamley Bridge (South Australia) – Trihalomethanes 294ug/L (max), 203.8ug/L (av.)
Trihalomethanes Australian Guideline Level 250μg/L (0.25mg/L)
Why and how are THMs formed?
“When chlorine is added to water with organic material, such as algae, river weeds, and decaying leaves, THMs are formed. Residual chlorine molecules react with this harmless organic material to form a group of chlorinated chemical compounds, THMs. They are tasteless and odourless, but harmful and potentially toxic. The quantity of by-products formed is determined by several factors, such as the amount and type of organic material present in water, temperature, pH, chlorine dosage, contact time available for chlorine, and bromide concentration in the water. The organic matter in water mainly consists of a) humic substance, which is the organic portion of soil that remains after prolonged microbial decomposition formed by the decay of leaves, wood, and other vegetable matter; and b) fulvic acid, which is a water soluble substance of low molecular weight that is derived from humus”. Source: https://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/index.cfm
Hamley Bridge (South Australia) – Bromodichloromethane
2018/19: Hamley Bridge (South Australia) Bromodichloromethane 102ug/L (max), 72.5ug/L (av.)
14/1/20: Hamley Bridge (South Australia) Bromodichloromethane 75g/L (max), (2019/20.: 68.4ug/L av.)
7/1/20: Hamley Bridge (South Australia) Bromodichloromethane 61ug/L
10/11/20: Hamley Bridge (South Australia) Bromodichloromethane 66ug/L
8/12/20: Hamley Bridge (South Australia) Bromodichloromethane 71ug/L
9/2/21: Hamley Bridge (South Australia) Bromodichloromethane 60ug/L
10/3/21: Hamley Bridge (South Australia) Bromodichloromethane 60ug/L
8/3/22: Hamley Bridge (South Australia) Bromodichloromethane 80ug/L (max), 64.08ug/L (av.)
2022/23: Hamley Bridge (South Australia) Bromodichloromethane 97ug/L (max), 78.3ug/L (av.)
WHO Guideline level BDCM: 60ug/L (Australian Guideline for BDCM is included in the combined total of BDCM, Chloroform, Dibromochloromethane and Bromoform. THM guideline is 250ug/L)
“Carcinogenicity : Bromodichloromethane is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in experimental animals.
Cancer Studies in Experimental Animals: Oral exposure to bromodichloromethane caused tumors at several different tissue sites in mice and rats. Administration of bromodichloromethane by stomach tube caused benign and malignant kidney tumors (tubular-cell adenoma and adenocarcinoma) in male mice and in rats of both sexes, benign and
malignant liver tumors (hepatocellular adenoma and carcinoma) in female mice, and benign and malignant colon tumors (adenomatous polyps and adenocarcinoma) in rats of both sexes (NTP 1987, ATSDR 1989, IARC 1991, 1999).
Since bromodichloromethane was listed in the Sixth Annual Report on Carcinogens, additional studies in rats have been identified. Administration of bromodichloromethane in the drinking water increased the combined incidence of benign and malignant liver tumors (hepatocellular adenoma or carcinoma) in males (George et al. 2002) and caused benign liver tumors (hepatocellular adenoma) in females (Tumasonis et al. 1987).
Cancer Studies in Humans
The data available from epidemiological studies are inadequate to evaluate the relationship between human cancer and exposure specifically to bromodichloromethane. Several epidemiological studies indicated a possible association between ingestion of chlorinated drinking water (which typically contains bromodichloromethane) and increased risk of
cancer in humans, but these studies could not provide information on whether any observed effects were due to bromodichloromethane or to one or more of the hundreds of other disinfection by-products also present in chlorinated water (ATSDR 1989).” (1)
Hamley Bridge – South Australia – Temperature
November 22 2016: Hamley Bridge (South Australia) Makin St – Temperature 22C
November 20 2016: Hamley Bridge (South Australia) Makin St – Temperature 20C
December 6 2016: Hamley Bridge (South Australia) Makin St – Temperature 23C
December 13 2016: Hamley Bridge (South Australia) Makin St – Temperature 24C
December 20 2016: Hamley Bridge (South Australia) Makin St – Temperature 24C
December 29 2016: Hamley Bridge (South Australia) Makin St – Temperature 25C
January 4 2017: Hamley Bridge (South Australia) Makin St – Temperature 24C
January 10 2017: Hamley Bridge (South Australia) Makin St – Temperature 27C
January 18 2017: Hamley Bridge (South Australia) Makin St – Temperature 25C
January 24 2017: Hamley Bridge (South Australia) Makin St – Temperature 27C
January 31 2017: Hamley Bridge (South Australia) Makin St – Temperature 26C
February 8 2017: Hamley Bridge (South Australia) Makin St – Temperature 25C
February 14 2017: Hamley Bridge (South Australia) Makin St – Temperature 24C
February 21 2017: Hamley Bridge (South Australia) Makin St – Temperature 24C
February 28 2017: Hamley Bridge (South Australia) Makin St – Temperature 25C
March 7 2017: Hamley Bridge (South Australia) Makin St – Temperature 26C
March 15 2017: Hamley Bridge (South Australia) Makin St – Temperature 25C
March 21 2017: Hamley Bridge (South Australia) Makin St – Temperature 25C
March 28 2017: Hamley Bridge (South Australia) Makin St – Temperature 24C
April 4 2017: Hamley Bridge (South Australia) Makin St – Temperature 21C
April 11 2017: Hamley Bridge (South Australia) Makin St – Temperature 20C
April 19 2017: Hamley Bridge (South Australia) Makin St – Temperature 21C
GUIDELINE
“No guideline is set due to the impracticality of controlling water temperature.
Drinking water temperatures above 20°C may result in an increase in the number of
complaints.
Temperature is primarily an aesthetic criterion for drinking water. Generally, cool water is more palatable than warm or cold water. In general, consumers will react to a change in water temperature. Complaints are most frequent when the temperature suddenly increases.
The turbidity and colour of filtered water may be indirectly affected by temperature, as low water temperatures tend to decrease the efficiency of water treatment processes by, for instance, affecting floc formation rates and sedimentation efficiency.
Chemical reaction rates increase with temperature, and this can lead to greater corrosion of pipes and fittings in closed systems. Scale formation in hard waters will also be greater at higher temperatures…
Water temperatures in major Australian reticulated supplies range from 10°C to 30°C. In some long, above-ground pipelines, water temperatures up to 45°C may be experienced…
The effectiveness of chlorine as a disinfectant is influenced by the temperature of the water being dosed. Generally higher temperatures result in more effective disinfection at a particular chlorine dose, but this may be counterbalanced by a more rapid loss of chlorine to the atmosphere (AWWA 1990).