31/8/21: Two Wells (South Australia) E.coli 1 cfu/100mL
“Coliforms are Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped bacteria that are capable of aerobic and facultative anaerobic growth in the presence of bile salts or other surface active agents with similar growth-inhibiting properties. They are found in large numbers in the faeces of humans and other warm-blooded animals, but many species also occur in the environment.
Thermotolerant coliforms are a sub-group of coliforms that are able to grow at 44.5 ± 0.2°C. E. coli is the most common thermotolerant coliform present in faeces and is regarded as the most specific indicator of recent faecal contamination because generally it is not capable of growth in the environment. In contrast, some other thermotolerant coliforms (including strains of Klebsiella, Citrobacter and Enterobacter) are able to grow in the environment and their presence is not necessarily related to faecal contamination. While tests for thermotolerant coliforms can be simpler than for E. coli, E. coli is considered a superior indicator for detecting faecal contamination…” ADWG 2011
Two Wells (South Australia) – Trihalomethanes
Breaches to Australian Drinking Water Guidelines Levels Only
6/02/2012 Two Wells Old Port Wakefield Rd (Public Toilets) Trihalomethanes – Total 264 ug/L
18/02/2014 Two Wells Old Port Wakefield Rd (Public Toilets) Trihalomethanes – Total 287 ug/L
20/03/2014 Two Wells Old Port Wakefield Rd (Public Toilets) Trihalomethanes – Total 271 ug/L
23/12/2015 Two Wells Drew Street Trihalomethanes – Total 252 ug/L
17/3/2016 Two Wells Drew Street Trihalomethanes – Total 278 ug/L
27/10/2016 Two Wells Drew Street Trihalomethanes – Total 259 ug/L
15/2/2017 Two Wells Drew Street Trihalomethanes – Total 278 ug/L
17/3/2017 Two Wells Drew Street Trihalomethanes – Total 256 ug/L
11/4/2017 Two Wells Drew Street Trihalomethanes – Total 255 ug/L
11/5/2017 Two Wells Drew Street Trihalomethanes – Total 258 ug/L
21-Dec-17: Two Wells Trihalomethanes – Total 287 µg/L
25-Jan-18: Two Wells Trihalomethanes – Total 253 µg/L
22-Feb-18: Two Wells Trihalomethanes – Total 252 µg/L
21-Mar-18: Two Wells Trihalomethanes – Total 270 µg/L
19-Apr-18: Two Wells Trihalomethanes – Total 305 µg/L
Trihalomethanes Australian Guideline Level 250μg/L (0.25mg/L)
Why and how are THMs formed?
“When chlorine is added to water with organic material, such as algae, river weeds, and decaying leaves, THMs are formed. Residual chlorine molecules react with this harmless organic material to form a group of chlorinated chemical compounds, THMs. They are tasteless and odourless, but harmful and potentially toxic. The quantity of by-products formed is determined by several factors, such as the amount and type of organic material present in water, temperature, pH, chlorine dosage, contact time available for chlorine, and bromide concentration in the water. The organic matter in water mainly consists of a) humic substance, which is the organic portion of soil that remains after prolonged microbial decomposition formed by the decay of leaves, wood, and other vegetable matter; and b) fulvic acid, which is a water soluble substance of low molecular weight that is derived from humus”. Source: https://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/in
Two Wells (South Australia) – Bromodichloromethane
2018/19: Two Wells (South Australia) Bromodichloromethane 83ug/L (max), 70.25ug/L (av.)
9/7/19: Two Wells Bromodichloromethane 65ug/L (2019/20 av. 50.3ug/L)
2022/23: Two Wells Bromodichloromethane 91ug/L (max), 72.08 (av.)
WHO Guideline level BDCM: 60ug/L (Australian Guideline for BDCM is included in the combined total of BDCM, Chloroform, Dibromochloromethane and Bromoform. THM guideline is 250ug/L)
“Carcinogenicity : Bromodichloromethane is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in experimental animals.
Cancer Studies in Experimental Animals: Oral exposure to bromodichloromethane caused tumors at several different tissue sites in mice and rats. Administration of bromodichloromethane by stomach tube caused benign and malignant kidney tumors (tubular-cell adenoma and adenocarcinoma) in male mice and in rats of both sexes, benign and
malignant liver tumors (hepatocellular adenoma and carcinoma) in female mice, and benign and malignant colon tumors (adenomatous polyps and adenocarcinoma) in rats of both sexes (NTP 1987, ATSDR 1989, IARC 1991, 1999).
Since bromodichloromethane was listed in the Sixth Annual Report on Carcinogens, additional studies in rats have been identified. Administration of bromodichloromethane in the drinking water increased the combined incidence of benign and malignant liver tumors (hepatocellular adenoma or carcinoma) in males (George et al. 2002) and caused benign liver tumors (hepatocellular adenoma) in females (Tumasonis et al. 1987).
Cancer Studies in Humans
The data available from epidemiological studies are inadequate to evaluate the relationship between human cancer and exposure specifically to bromodichloromethane. Several epidemiological studies indicated a possible association between ingestion of chlorinated drinking water (which typically contains bromodichloromethane) and increased risk of
cancer in humans, but these studies could not provide information on whether any observed effects were due to bromodichloromethane or to one or more of the hundreds of other disinfection by-products also present in chlorinated water (ATSDR 1989).” (1)
Two Wells – South Australia – Temperature
November 8 2016: Two Wells (South Australia) Drew St – Temperature 22C
November 17 2016: Two Wells (South Australia) Drew St – Temperature 21C
November 21 2016: Two Wells (South Australia) Drew St – Temperature 22C
December 1 2016: Two Wells (South Australia) Drew St – Temperature 23C
December 8 2016: Two Wells (South Australia) Drew St – Temperature 23C
December 13 2016: Two Wells (South Australia) Drew St – Temperature 22C
December 22 2016: Two Wells (South Australia) Drew St – Temperature 25C
December 30 2016: Two Wells (South Australia) Drew St – Temperature 25C
January 6 2017: Two Wells (South Australia) Drew St – Temperature 28C
January 12 2017: Two Wells (South Australia) Drew St – Temperature 29C
January 19 2017: Two Wells (South Australia) Drew St – Temperature 31C
January 27 2017: Two Wells (South Australia) Drew St – Temperature 28C
February 2 2017: Two Wells (South Australia) Drew St – Temperature 30C
February 9 2017: Two Wells (South Australia) Drew St – Temperature 28C
February 15 2017: Two Wells (South Australia) Drew St – Temperature 27C
February 23 2017: Two Wells (South Australia) Drew St – Temperature 26C
March 2 2017: Two Wells (South Australia) Drew St – Temperature 27C
March 9 2017: Two Wells (South Australia) Drew St – Temperature 28C
March 17 2017: Two Wells (South Australia) Drew St – Temperature 26C
March 23 2017: Two Wells (South Australia) Drew St – Temperature 26C
March 30 2017: Two Wells (South Australia) Drew St – Temperature 25C
April 7 2017: Two Wells (South Australia) Drew St – Temperature 25C
April 11 2017: Two Wells (South Australia) Drew St – Temperature 25C
April 21 2017: Two Wells (South Australia) Drew St – Temperature 22C
GUIDELINE
“No guideline is set due to the impracticality of controlling water temperature.
Drinking water temperatures above 20°C may result in an increase in the number of
complaints.
Temperature is primarily an aesthetic criterion for drinking water. Generally, cool water is more palatable than warm or cold water. In general, consumers will react to a change in water temperature. Complaints are most frequent when the temperature suddenly increases.
The turbidity and colour of filtered water may be indirectly affected by temperature, as low water temperatures tend to decrease the efficiency of water treatment processes by, for instance, affecting floc formation rates and sedimentation efficiency.
Chemical reaction rates increase with temperature, and this can lead to greater corrosion of pipes and fittings in closed systems. Scale formation in hard waters will also be greater at higher temperatures…
Water temperatures in major Australian reticulated supplies range from 10°C to 30°C. In some long, above-ground pipelines, water temperatures up to 45°C may be experienced…
The effectiveness of chlorine as a disinfectant is influenced by the temperature of the water being dosed. Generally higher temperatures result in more effective disinfection at a particular chlorine dose, but this may be counterbalanced by a more rapid loss of chlorine to the atmosphere (AWWA 1990).